Gardner method

The colour of an oil is generally measured by comparing it with a known standard. The Gardner method is commonly used in the surface coatings industry and consists of 18 standard colours which are available in the form of coloured glass supplied in various comparator units. 

Johansen C R, Nelson H M and Gardner J H 1968 Method for measuring magnetization to high pressures J. Appl. Phys. 39 2152... 

Oil Absorption. The Gardner mb-out (ASTM D281) method is used for this evaluation. A 5-g sample of mica is placed on a smooth glass plate, and linseed oil is added by drops. The mica is constantiy mixed while the oil is being added. The end point is reached when the mica becomes saturated with oil. The amount of oil per 45.4 kg of mica is calculated as follows ... 

Viscosity can also be determined from the rising rate of an air bubble through a Hquid. This simple technique is widely used for routine viscosity measurements of Newtonian fluids. A bubble tube viscometer consists of a glass tube of a certain size to which Hquid is added until a small air space remains at the top. The tube is then capped. When it is inverted, the air bubble rises through the Hquid. The rise time in seconds may be taken as a measure of viscosity, or an approximate viscosity in mm /s may be calculated from it. In an older method that is commonly used, the rate of rise is matched to that of a member of a series of standards, eg, with that of the Gardner-Holdt bubble tubes. Unfortunately, this technique employs a nonlinear scale of letter designations and may be difficult to interpret. 

Plash and fire poiats, Gardner color, kinematic viscosity, and pour poiats are determined by ASTM methods ... 

Solution of Batch-Mill Equations In general, the grinding equation can be solved by numerical methods—for example, the Luler technique (Austin and Gardner, l.st Furopean Symposium on Size Reduction, 1962) or the Runge-Kutta technique. The matrix method is a particiilarly convenient fornmlation of the Euler technique. 

The colour can be determined by various methods such as the Gardner, Barrett, iodine colour number or US Colophonium standard methods. Usually, the Gardner or the Barrett standards are used. A comparison between the different methods to determine the colour of resins is given in Table 9. In both methods, the colour is evaluated in resin solutions. A 50 wt% resin solution in toluene is used as the Gardner standard, and a solution of 2 g resin in 25 ml toluene is used in the Barrett... 

Methods employed to determine the impact resistance of plastics include pendulum methods (Izod, Charpy, tensile impact, falling dart, Gardner, Dynatup, etc.) and instrumented techniques. In the case of the Izod test, what is measured is the energy required to break a test specimen transversely struck (the test can be done either with the specimen notched or unnotched). The tensile impact test has a bar loaded in tension and the striking force tends to elongate the bar (Chapter 5, Impact Strength). 

The present method of making docosanedioic acid has been described by Hiinig and Liicke. The Wolff-Kishner reduction of the diketonic intermediate is am application of the modification of Gardner, Rand, and Haynes. ... 

G. Kampf, Characterization of Plastics by Physical Methods, Hanser Gardner, Cincinnati, OH (1986). 

D. Brown, Simple Methods for Identification of Plastics, Hanser-Gardner Publishers, Cincinnati, OH (1999). 

Landrum, R.F., Nihart, S.R., Edie, B J., Gardner, W.S. (1984) Reverse-phase separation method for determining pollutant binding to Aldrich humic acid and dissolved organic carbon of natural waters. Environ. Sci. Technol. 18, 187-192. 

Batley and Farrah [ 120] and Gardner and Yates [118] used ozone to decompose organic matter in samples and thus break down metal complexes prior to atomic absorption spectrometry. By this treatment, metal complexes of humic acid and EDTA were broken down in less than 2 min. These observations led Gardner and Yates [ 118 ] to propose the following method for the determination of cadmium in seawater. 

Gardner and Yates [26] developed a method for the determination of total dissolved cadmium and lead in estuarine waters. Factors leading to the choice of a method employing extraction by chelating resin, and analysis by carbon furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, are described. To ensure complete extraction of trace metals, inert complexes with humic-like material are decomposed by ozone [27]. The effect of pH on extraction by and elution from chelating resin is discussed, and details of the method were presented. These workers found that at pH 7 only 1-2 minutes treatment with ozone was needed to completely destroy complexing agents such as EDTA and humic acid in the samples. 

Gardner and Fridovich [85] proposed that the inactivation of aconitase might be used as an assay of superoxide formation in cells. The mechanism of the interaction of superoxide with aconitases has been considered in Chapter 21. As follows from data presented in that chapter, peroxynitrite is also able to inactivate aconitases rapidly therefore, this method cannot be a specific assay of superoxide detection. 

Eadie, B.J., W.R. Faust, P.F. Landrum, N.R. Morehead, W.S. Gardner, and T. Nalepa. 1983. Bioconcentrations of PAH by some benthic organisms of the Great Lakes. Pages 437-449 in M. Cooke and A.J. Dennis (eds.). Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons Mechanisms, Methods and Metabolism. Battelle Press, Columbus, OH. 

A D Aniello, L Petrucelli, C Gardner, G Fisher. Improved method for hydrolyzing proteins and peptides without inducing racemization and for determining their true D-amino acid content. Anal Biochem 213, 290, 1993. 

J.C. Stephens, K. Gardner, and R. Jacobs, US Army CECOM Fuel Cell Program, presented at the World Association for Case Method Research and Application, Lucerne, Switzerland, Jannary 5-7, 2000. 

Gardner EL, Chen J, Paredes W. 1993. Overview of chemical sampling techniques. J Neurosci Methods 48(3) 173-197. 

Berghmans S, Butler P, Goldsmith P, Waldron G, Gardner I, Golder Z, Richards FM, KimberG, Roach A, Alderton W, Fleming A (2008) Zebrafish based assays for the assessment of cardiac, visual and gut function-potential safety screens for early dmg discovery. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 58 59-68... 

Samples for electron microscopy. The membranes are treated by freez-drylng of the same method as reported by Riley, Merten, Gardner (11). The samples immersed in Isopentane are cooled in liquid nitrogen and then dehydrated in vacuum. 

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