Ganglionic cells

Methanol intoxication can cause blindness due to damage to ganglion cells in the retina. The blindness results from the accumulation of formaldehyde and formic acid, which are metabolites of methanol. Chemical compounds can also damage the visual cortex, for example, visual damage was observed among the victims of organic mercury intoxication in Japan (the fishermen of Minamata Bay). ... 

Dreyer EB, Kaiser PK, Offermann JT, Lipton SA (1990) HIV-1 coat protein neurotoxicity prevented by calcium channel antagonists. Science 248(4953) 364-367 Dreyer EB, Zurakowski D, Gorla M, Vorwerk CK, Lipton SA (1999) The contribution of various NOS gene products to HlV-1 coat protein (gpl20)-mediated retinal ganglion cell injury. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 40(5) 983-989... 

Chalasani SH, Baribaud F, Coughlan CM, Sunshine MJ, Lee VM, Dorns RW, Littman DR, Raper JA (2003a) The chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 promotes the survival of embryonic retinal ganglion cells. J Neurosci 23 4601-4612... 

In addition to changes within the nerve, sympathetic afferents become able to activate sensory afferents via as yet poorly characterised a-adrenoceptors. These interactions between adjacent sensory and autonomic nerve axons and between ganglion cells result in excitation spreading between different nerve fibres. These peripheral ectopic impulses can cause spontaneous pain and prime the spinal cord to exhibit enhanced evoked responses to stimuli, which themselves have greater effects due to increased sensitivity of the peripheral nerves. 

M14. Mason, R. T., Peterfreund, R. A., Sawchenko, P. E., Corrigan, A. Z., Rivier, J. E., and Vale, W. W., Release of the predicted calcitonin gene-related peptide from cultured rat trigeminal ganglion cells. Nature 308,653-655 (1984). 

Hall DB Michigan State University, Chicago, IL After describing the properties of the young spiral ganglion cells within the mammalian auditory system then investigate the neurotoxic effects of lead on the sodium current National Institute on Deafness Other Communication Disorders... 

In addition to its presence in the RPE, ABCA1 has been found to be localized in the neural retina, particularly in the ganglion cell layer and rod photoreceptor inner segments (Tserentsoodol et al., 2006a), suggesting it may be involved in carotenoid transport throughout the retina. 

Sakamoto K, Liu C., Kasamatsu M. et al. (2005). Dopamine regulates melanopsin mRNA expression in intrinsically photoresponsive retinal ganglion cells. Eur. J. Neurosci. 22, 3129-36. 

Berson, D. M., Dunn, F. A. Takao, M. (2002). Phototransduction by retinal ganglion cells that set the circadian clock. Science 295, 1070-3. 

Chagas disease affects enteric ganglionic cells. This leads to altered motility with a reduced rate of migration for the migrating motor complex [165], a change associated with colonization with Gram-negative bacilli [12]. 

Other investigators have grown similar purified preparations of retinal ganglion cells on channel-inscribed plates that cause the axons to extend linearly to permit... 

A1 adenosine receptors are inhibitory in the central nervous system. A receptors were originally characterized on the basis of their ability to inhibit adenylyl cyclase in adipose tissue. A number of other G-protein-mediated effectors of A receptors have subsequently been discovered these include activation of K+ channels, extensively characterized in striatal neurons [13], and inhibition of Ca2+ channels, extensively characterized in dorsal root ganglion cells [14]. Activation of A receptors has been shown to produce a species-dependent stimulation or inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol pathway in cerebral cortex. In other tissues, activation of A receptors results in synergistic activation of the phosphatidylinositol pathway in concert with Ca2+-mobilizing hormones or neurotransmitters [15]. The effectors of A adenosine receptors and other purinergic receptor subtypes are summarized in Table 17-2. 

Drescher, U., Kremoser, C., Handwerker, C. et al. In vitro guidance of retinal ganglion cell axons by RAGS, a 25 kDa tectal protein related to ligands for Eph receptor tyrosine kinases. Cell 82 359-370,1995. 

Neurotrophin 4/5 is not as well characterized as other members of the neurotrophin family. Much of what is known is derived from analysis of NT4/5 and TrkB knockout mice. Elucidating the actions of NT4/5 is complicated by virtue of the fact that both NT4/5 and BDNF exert their effects via the TrkB receptor. It appears that NT4/5 functions largely overlap with those of other neurotrophin family members, particularly BDNF. NT4/5 knockout mice are essentially normal, in contrast to BDNF knockout mice, which do not live long. NT4/5 is likely to have unique actions on a subpopulation of neurons in the nodose and geniculate ganglia, which are not supported by BDNF. Like BDNF, NT4/5 acts on sensory neurons and retinal ganglion cells, supporting their survival. 

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