Gamut

The polymers of the 2-cyanoacryhc esters, more commonly known as the alkyl 2-cyaiioacrylates, are hard glassy resins that exhibit excellent adhesion to a wide variety of materials. The polymers are spontaneously formed when their Hquid precursors or monomers are placed between two closely fitting surfaces. The spontaneous polymerisation of these very reactive Hquids and the excellent adhesion properties of the cured resins combine to make these compounds a unique class of single-component, ambient-temperature-curing adhesives of great versatiUty. The materials that can be bonded mn the gamut from metals, plastics, most elastomers, fabrics, and woods to many ceramics. 

Health and safety information is available from the manufacturer of every adhesive sold in the United States. The toxicology of a particular adhesive is dependent upon its components, which mn the gamut of polymeric materials from natural products which often exhibit low toxicity to isocyanates which can cause severe allergic reactions. Toxicological information may be found in articles discussing the manufacture of the specific chemical compounds that comprise the adhesives. 

Thiols range over the gamut of physical properties. Most of the important thiols ate Hquids, however methanethiol is a gas, and 1-hexadecanethiol and 1-octadecanethiol ate waxy soflds. Tables 2 and 3 Hst a variety of physical properties for the mote important thiols. 

Practical methods for synthesis and elucidation of the optimum physical forms were developed at Du Pont (13). The violets fill the void in the color gamut when the inorganics are inadequate. The quinacridones may be used in most resins except polymers such as nylon-6,6, polystyrene, and ABS. They are stable up to 275°C and show excellent weatherabiUty. One use is to shade phthalocyanines to match Indanthrone Blue. In carpeting, the quinacridones are recommended for polypropylene, acrylonitrile, polyester, and nylon-6 filaments. Predispersions in plastici2ers ate used in thermoset polyesters, urethanes, and epoxy resins (14). 

Although the colors of the polycycHc aromatic carbonyl dyes cover the entire shade gamut, only the blue dyes and the tertiary shade dyes, namely, browns, greens, and blacks, are important commercially. Typical dyes are the blue indanthrone [81-77-6] (40), the brown Cl Vat Brown 3 [131-92-0] (Cl 69012), (41), the black Cl Vat Black 27 [2379-81-9] (42), and the green Cl Vat Green 1 [128-58-5] (Cl 59825) (43), probably the most famous of all the polycycHc aromatic carbonyl dyes. 

Rigid Porous Media These are available in sheets or plates and tubes. Materials used include sintered stainless steel and other metals, graphite, aluminum oxide, silica, porcelain, and some plastics—a gamut that allows a wide range of chemical and temperature resistance. Most applications are for clarification. 

Operating Labor Centrifuges run the gamut from completely manual control to fully automated operation. For the former, one operator can run sever centrifuges, depending on their type and the apphcation. Fully automatic centrifuges usually require little dirert operation attention. 

Membrane Porosity Separation membranes run a gamut of porosity (see Fig. 22-48). Polymeric and metallic gas separation membranes, electrodialysis membranes, pervaporation membranes, and reverse osmosis membranes are nonporous, although there is hnger-ing controversy over the nonporosity of the latter. Porous membranes are used for microfiltration and ultrafiltratiou. Nanofiltration membranes are probably charged porous structures. 

In addition to high permselectivity, the membrane must have low-elec trical resistance. That means it is conductive to counterions and does not unduly restrict their passage. Physical and chemical stabihty are also required. Membranes must be mechanically strong and robust, they must not swell or shrink appreciably as ionic strength changes, and they must not wrinkle or delorm under thermal stress. In the course of normal use, membranes may be expec ted to encounter the gamut of pH, so they should be stable from 0 < pH < 14 and in the presence of oxidants. 

The simplest ultrafiltration is the stirred cell, a batch operation. The most compex is a continuous stages-in-series operation incorporating diafiltration. Industrial practice incorporates the full gamut of complexity. 

Direct-Current Motor Control Control for dc motors runs the gamut from simple manual line starters to elaborate regulating systems. Only the starting problems are considered here since variable-speed drives and regulating systems are discussed elsewhere. 

Hexafluorides run the gamut of reactions with graphite, from no intercalation except in the presence of a catalyst (WFg), through intercalation with partial reduction (UFg), to intercalation with complete reduction (OsFg). 

In this final section, the global cycles of two metals, mercury and copper, are reviewed. These metals were chosen because their geochemical cycles have been studied extensively, and their chemical reactions exemplify the full gamut of reactions described earlier. In addition, the chemical forms of the two metals are sufficiently different from one another that they behave differently with respect to dominant... 

Xu, X. and Cortie, M.B. (2006) Shape change and color gamut in gold nanorods, dumbbells and dog-bones. Advanced Functional Materials, 16, 2170-2176. 

Processes devised to make cotton hydrophobic are summarised in Table 10.42. These processes are undoubtedly successful in conferring substantivity for disperse dyes but attaining compatibility within a range of dyes across the entire colour gamut and on fibre blends of various blend ratios could be a problem. In addition, ester bonds can be saponified... 

The saturation state of aragonite (Fig. 24.5), on the other hand, is affected little by temperature. Aragonite remains supersaturated by a factor of about ten (one log unit) over the gamut of analyses. The supersaturation probably arises from the effect of orthophosphate, present at concentrations of about 100 mg kg-1 in Mono Lake water orthophosphate is observed in the laboratory (Bischoff et al., 1993) to inhibit the precipitation of calcite and aragonite. 

Propagation of pulses of intense light through condensed media opens a plethora of new possibilities over and above those that derive from free-space propagation. At the same time, there is a price to be paid in that concomitantly, the condensed medium also presents much more complexity as far as physical descriptions of the gamut of processes that determine the propagation dynamics are concerned. Nevertheless, there are several compelling reasons... 

Clients are assigned different cognitive tasks that exercise the specific areas of the brain that seem to have sustained injury. Tasks can run the gamut, but frequendy involve engaging in spatial-ability, abstraction, verbal, memory, and... 

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