Observed gamut

We now have to determine a linear map that will transform the observed gamut of colors to the canonical gamut of colors. This map will simply be a diagonal 3x3 matrix of the form... 

For each vertex of the convex hull of the observed colors, we compute the feasible maps. We then intersect all these maps, as the actual illuminant must lie somewhere inside the intersection of these sets. Therefore, each vertex of the convex hull of the observed gamut gives us additional constraints to reduce the set of possible illuminants that may have produced the observed image. Let Ain be the computed intersection. 

Figure 6.15 Two different views of the observed gamut of colors. If we assume that the canonical gamut is the unit cube and that the illuminant is given by [0.7, 0.5, 0.2]r, then the observed gamut will be the unit cube scaled by S(0.7, 0.5, 0.2).

This observed gamut is shown in Figure 6.15. If we compute the intersection of the feasible linear maps, we obtain... 

A drawback of the gamut-constraint method is that it may fail to find an estimate of the illuminant. This may happen if the resulting intersected convex hull A4n is the empty set. Therefore, care must be taken not to produce an empty intersection. There are several ways to address this problem. One possibility would be to iteratively compute the intersection by considering all of the vertices of the observed gamut in turn. If, as a result of the intersection, the intersected hull should become empty, the vertex is discarded and we continue with the last nonempty hull. Another possibility would be to increase the size of the two convex hulls that are about to be intersected. If the intersection should become empty, the size of both hulls is increased such that the intersection is nonempty. A simple implementation would be to scale each of the two convex hulls by a certain amount. If the intersection is still empty, we again increase the size of both hulls by a small amount. 

One can now use this set to additionally constrain the illuminant. The map we are looking for, which transforms the observed gamut to the canonical gamut, has to be a member of... 

The saturation state of aragonite (Fig. 24.5), on the other hand, is affected little by temperature. Aragonite remains supersaturated by a factor of about ten (one log unit) over the gamut of analyses. The supersaturation probably arises from the effect of orthophosphate, present at concentrations of about 100 mg kg-1 in Mono Lake water orthophosphate is observed in the laboratory (Bischoff et al., 1993) to inhibit the precipitation of calcite and aragonite. 

In recent years, much attention and effort have been directed toward the search for non-whole-animal tests to predict ocular irritation by drugs and chemicals. A variety of in vitro assays, as well as nonexperimental approaches, have been proposed. These model systems run the gamut of responses observed in vivo using biological... 

Exactly what is a paranormal experience or phenomenon Para is derived from a Latin term for beyond. So paranormal means beyond normal, or things that do not fit what we experience through our five senses alone and which do not follow the laws we observe in nature and in science. Paranormal experiences and phenomena run the gamut from the awesome and marvelous, such as angels and miracles, to the downright terrifying, such as vampires and werewolves. 

The alkaloid chaenorhine (C31H40O5N4 mp 263-268° dec. [a]D + 46.7°) proved to be maerocyclic containing a spermine moiety. The entire gamut of spectral studies was involved to determine its structure (60). Of special interest is the observation that the hydrogenolysis of the alkaloid with sodium in liquid ammonia occurred at the ether linkage and generated 61 with concomitant reduction of the cyclic double bond. Hydrolysis, some chemical degradation, and further spectral studies served to elucidate the entire structure (31). 

So is the case in polymers containing additive systems. As will be shown, some additive systems can impart so much light scattering to the base resin that certain colors can no longer be achieved. Or if they can be achieved, other properties may be adversely affected, such as impact strength and cost. In either case, the practical color gamut or palette that is obtainable with this particular resin system is reduced. The discussion below presents the effects that the polymer and its additives can have on colorability. Color data presented in the following tables have been calculated under illuminant D-65,10° observer, specular included, expressed in CIELAB units, unless otherwise noted. 

Plaksenko suggested, in accordance with the theoretical ideas of Strakhov, that the primary sediments consisted of iron hydroxide which then was reduced to a ferrous form, producing the whole gamut of observed mineral associations in diagenesis under the influence of organic matter. 

Nitroaniline remains a Class I compound over the whole gamut of solvents, but crossover between the different types may be observed with molecules closer to either end of the cyanine range (Class II). Crossover will... 

The model is based on experimental observations, including those enumerated in the preceding section. The generality of the phenomena we want to treat is related to the following fact completely flexible polymer chains in solution are well known to exist at the same time fully rigid macromolecules are known too (liquid crystals) therefore, it is only reasonable to expect that a whole gamut of intermediate situations occurs in the nature. 

Behavioral characteristics run the full gamut of human behavior. They require that writers be sufficiently observant to use these characteristics for effect. 

A gamut of physicochemical and biochemical techniques have demonstrated that succinate, coenzyme Qio, and ATP activate succinate dehydrogenase, and these modulations are much more effective on enzymes embedded in intact mitochondria than on particulate of partially solubilized preparations [98]. On the basis of these observations, a tentative hypothesis for succinate dehydrogenase regulation has been proposed. The main purpose of the enzyme is to remove the... 

The result of both methods of averaging is the same for a polymer liquid. One macromolecule with the passage of time moves statistically through the whole gamut of conformations, which is also recorded by an instantaneous observation of all N macromolecules. Now for a glass, which is a frozen liquid, each molecule is set in a specific random conformation with a particular end-to-end distance r its conformation and therefore its value of r do not change... 

In this paper I will summarize at least some of the highlights of the follow-up observations that have been obtained for the new sources discovered in the AFCRL rocket infrared Sky Survey (Walker and Price, 1975). These observations are designed to determine the natures of the new AFCRL sources, in expectation that some of the sources in the Catalogue may represent new classes of astrophysical objects. To do this, observations covering virtually the entire gamut of available astronomical tools are being employed. I hope to show that the discovery of a number of truly remarkable objects in the AFCRL Survey amply justifies further efforts to explore it. 

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