GAMMA+ code

No, H-C., et al. (2007), Multi-component Diffusion Analysis and Assessment of GAMMA Code and Improved RELAP5 Code , Nucl. Eng. and Design, 237, 997-1008. 

A neutronics/thermo-fluid coupled analysis code system is being developed by coupling the CARP code and the GAMMA+ code (Tak et al., 2015). A server program called INTCA is utilized for the coupling of the two codes. The INTCA code not only controls the calculation procedure of the two chent codes, but also performs the mapping between the variables of the two codes for couphng. Fig. 13.12 shows the neutronics/thermo-fluid coupled analysis code systems developed at KAERI. 

Retrievable Tools. Retrievable MWD tools similar to the steering tools are available from several service companies. They are generally battery powered and generate coded positive pressure mud pulses or continuous pressure waves. The lower part of the tool has a mule shoe that engages in a sub for orientation. Currently, tools are available for measuring directional parameters and gamma rays. A typical retrievable tool is shown in Figure 4-251. 

Prostanoids. Figure 2 EP3 receptor sequence of three mouse EP3 receptor splice variants differing only in their intracellular carboxyl termini. The predicted amino acid sequences of each splice variant are represented by the one letter amino acid code. The common region is comprised of two exons, which are spliced to three possible C-terminal tails. The carboxyl variable tails are designated alpha, beta, and gamma,each encoded by distinct exons. 

Astronomy s new eyes carry code names like HST (Hubble Space Telescope), XMM (X-ray Multi-Mirror) and GRO (Gamma-Ray Observatory). Each wavelength region has its own squadron, extended by future spacecraft that take us ever further towards sensitivity and detailed analysis of images and spectra. 

On 19 May 1953, a bomb of 32 kT yield (code name Harry) was exploded at the Nevada Test Site. A gamma dose rate equivalent to 27 milliroentgen per hour (230//Gy h 1) at 1 d was measured at St George, Utah, 200 km from the test site. Assuming no chemical fractionation of fission products, the fallout of 131I at St George was 1.0 MBq m 2. This is almost identical to the fallout of 1311 in the zone of maximum deposition about 10 km from Windscale (Chamberlain, 1959). Relative... 

GAMMA is a good example of many of the benefits and compromises listed previously. The bulk of the library was the doctoral work of Dr. Scott Smith at the Eidgenoessische Technische Hochschule (ETH) in Zurich, Switzerland. Subsequently, Dr. Smith took a job at the National High Field Magnetic Laboratory in Florida. Both sites shared in hosting a web site to provide open access to the source code, examples, documentation and compiled binaries for many platforms and compilers. As a code library, many of the obstacles to cross-platform support go away, especially the need to support an application across different graphical user interfaces. 

In Figures 2 and 3 are shown the GAMMA C++ code for a simulated spin-echo pulse sequence using ideal RF pulses and a simulated PRESS pulse sequence that accounts for a non-ideal RF pulse envelope, crusher gradients and spatially varying RF refocusing due to resonance group chemical shift offset and... 

TABLE 1 Sample mappings of physics operators to GAMMA library objects and code... 

Figure 2 shows the code for the spin-echo pulse sequence. In lines 1-7, NMR object variables are declared. In lines 9-16, these objects are assigned values or specific NMR operations. A lactate spin system is read in from a file using a standard GAMMA text file format. Lines 20-24 are the code for the actual 90°Y-delay-180°Y-delay-acquire pulse sequence. In line 26, the density matrix is parsed into a transition table for the specified observation operator. And the "write results" function in line 27 converts the GAMMA transition table into three arrays of ppm, area and phase values one value for each line found in the transition table. This is a fairly trivial example, and the use of ideal pulses is often not sufficient to account for real-world artefacts in a simulation, but it shows how the object-oriented style of coding results in short amounts of code that is easy to read and comprehend. When compiled with the Visual Studio C++ compiler on a... 

Figure 2 A simple example of GAMMA C++ code that initializes objects and organizes them into a spin-echo pulse sequence simulation that uses ideal RF pulses.

Code to read real pulses into gamma objects pulsel and pulse2... 

Figure 3 GAMMA C++ code to implement a PRESS pulse sequence simulation that accounts for the use of real RF pulses and the application of gradient crushers around refocusing pulses.

Takemura, S., Watanabe, S., Katsuma, M., and Fukul, M. (2002), Gastrointestinal transit study of a novel colon delivery system (CODES ) using gamma scintigraphy, Proc. Int. Symp. Controlled Release Bioactive Mater., 27, 445-446. 

Normal serum was pooled from normal donors, stored for several hours at 37 °C, and frozen in glass tubes. Rabbit antisera to the following human proteins From Hyland, antisera to albumin (list 071-107), fibrinogen (list 071-108), human fraction III-I (list 071-103), -lipoproteins (list 071-113), human serum (list 071-121), Fab (071-258), Fc (071-259). From Mann Research Labs., antisera to 7s gamma-globulins (cat. 231) and total gamma-globulins (cat. 8090). From Hoechst, Woodbury, N. Y. antiserum to pre-albumin (code 8506). 

Baeza et al. (1992) have developed ESPEC a set of programs especially designed to undertake gamma spectrometric analyses of environmental samples. The processes enumerated above (a-e) are carried out in a simple form. The package is designed so that it can be implemented not only on an IBM-type personal computer, but even on one with less memory and lower performance, such as a 64 kbyte memory microcomputer. The code is written in BASIC and it is easily modified to suit the specifications of any multichannel analyzers. 

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