Gamma burst

We now have clear evidence of non-thermal processes in the sky. A whole panoply of violent activities is revealed to the watchful eye of our radio. X-ray and gamma-ray telescopes. Supernova remnants, pulsars, active galactic nuclei and gamma bursts emit radiation that has clearly nothing to do with thermal activity, for their spectra bear no resemblance to those of heated bodies. 

Gigantic blasts of very-high-energy photons are sometimes recorded by satellite-borne detectors. Such gamma bursts have long remained a mystery. 

In this case, we must examine the effect of an asymmetrical explosion on the final result of the self-destruction of a very massive black hole, that is, the supernova remnant and black hole. Such asymmetrical supernovas may explain a fair number of gamma bursts, which have remained a deep mystery up to now. Beams and jets are more than ever in the news in astrophysics. 

A wide range of phenomena is possible when a black hole absorbs matter very quickly from the disk around it after incomplete explosion of a rapidly rotating massive supernova. In the most extreme case, according to Stan Woosley (University of Santa Cruz), the shock wave resulting from the central explosion is unable to shatter the star (composed mainly of helium) and a black hole forms with an accretion disk around it. A high-intensity gamma burst then results. 

If the star loses its hydrogen envelope in the process, and if the jet produced by accretion maintains its energy and remains focussed longer than the time required to cross the star (five to ten seconds), a vigorous gamma burst is produced. Otherwise, the result is a weaker burst, less tightly collimated, or an asymmetrical supernova. 

In the future, RMC-instruments may find applications as low cost, wide-field monitors for spin stabilized microsatellites. The alternative techniques requires three-axis stabilized platforms to perform well, and much higher data rates as well. The WATCH experience have shown, that the performance of an RMC is adequate for providing the first alert for, and the initial positions of, transient sources like X-ray novae. Plans are also underway in several laboratories to establish ground-based optical telescopes with possibility for rapid follow up of satellite gamma-burst localizations. A spaceborne RMC detector would complement such concepts very weU. 

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E. Costa, F. Frontera, J. Hjorth (Eds.), Gamma-Ray Bursts in the Afterglow Era... 

Berezhiani, Z., Bombaci, I., Drago, A., Frontera, F., Lavagno, A. (2003). Gamma Ray Bursts from delayed collapse of neutron stars to quark matter stars. Astrophys.J., 586 1250-1253. 

Gavriil, F.P., Kaspi, V.M., Woods, P.M. (2003), Anomalous X-ray pulsars long-term monitoring and soft-gamma repeater like X-ray bursts , in Pulsars, AXPs and SGRs observed with... 

A color superconducting phase is a reasonable candidate for the state of strongly interacting matter for very large quark chemical potential [16-20], Many properties of such a state have been investigated for two and three flavor QCD. In some cases these results rely heavily on perturbation theory, which is applicable for very large chemical potentials. Some initial applications to supemovae explosions and gamma ray bursts can be found in [21] and [22] respectively, see also [27], The interested reader can find a discussion of the effects of color superconductivity on the mass-radius relationship of compact stars in [45]... 

Abstract Gamma-ray bursts are the most luminous and probably the most relativistic events in the universe. The last few years have seen a tremendous increase in our knowledge of these events, but the source of the bursts still remains elusive. I will summarize recent progress in this field with special emphasis on our understanding of the possible progenitor systems. 

Keywords gamma rays bursts supernovae stars neutron radiation processes non-thermal ... 

Like some other spectacular discoveries such as the cosmic microwave background, gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) were discovered by accident. Meant to monitor the outer space treaty , the American VELA satellites detected in July 1967 an intense flash of gamma-rays of unknown origin. It took until 1973 before the first detected GRBs were published for the scientific community (Klebesadel et al. 1973). 

The above listed observational facts impose constraints on the progenitor system(s) responsible for gamma-ray bursts. 

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