Gadolinium-DTPA

Gd-DTPA (gadopentetate, Magnevist) is a good example of a chelate , because the metal ion is covered by the polydentate ligand like a claw (Fig. 3). 

The central metal ion has nine coordination sites. It is attached to the three nitrogen atoms and to five carboxylate moieties (oxygen atoms). A single water molecule is able to coordinate at the vacant ninth site resulting in a strong enhancement of the water proton relaxation rate. The chelate can be described as a distorted capped square antiprism according to X-ray analysis [6]. 

Generic name LD50 (mmol/kg) body weight References  

Special formulations have been developed to visualize the gastrointestinal tract (see below). Magnevist has also been applied succesfully as an X-ray contrast agent in patients who were allergic to iodine because of the attenuation of X-rays by the gadolinium ion [14]. 

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Oppenheimer SM, Bryan RN, Conturo TE, Soher BJ, Preziosi TJ, Barker PB (1995) Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and gadolinium-DTPA perfusion imaging of asymptomatic MRI white matter lesions. Magn Reson Med 33 61-68... 

Gaffney K, Cookson J, Blades S, Coumbe A, Blake D. Quantitative assessment of the rheumatoid synovial microvascular bed by gadolinium-DTPA enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Rheum Dis 1998 57 152-157. 

Runge, V.M. (2008) Notes on characteristics of gadolinium-DTPA complex a potential NMR contrast agent . American Journal of Roentgenology, 190, 1433-1434. 

Gries, H. and Miklautz, H. (1984) Some physicochemical properties of the gadolinium-DTPA complex, a contrast agent for MRI. Physiological Chemistry and Physics and Medical Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, 16, 105-112. 

Anelh, P.L., Bertini, 1., Fragai, M., et al. (2000) Sulfonamide-functionalized gadolinium DTPA complexes as possible contrast agents for MRI a relaxometric investigation. European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 625-630. 

The use of gadolinium-DTPA as a suitable contrast agent in patients with renal insufficiency undergoing vascular intervention with standard X-ray screening has been reported (SEDA-22, 504). During angiography two... 

Larsson, H.B., Stubgaard, M., Frederiksen, J.L., Jensen, M., Henriksen, O., and Paulson, O.B., Quantitation of blood-brain barrier defect by magnetic resonance imaging and gadolinium-DTPA in patients with multiple sclerosis and brain tumors, Magn. Reson. Med., 16(1), 117, 1990. 

Cordes M, Henkes H, Roll D, Eichstadt H, Christe W, Langer M, FeUx R. Subacute and chronic cerebral infarctions Spect and gadolinium-dtpa enhanced mr imaging. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1989 13 567-571... 

Weinmann HI, Brasch RC, Press WR, Wesbey GE. Characteristics of gadolinium-DTPA complex A potential NMR contrast agent. AJR 1984 142 619-624. 

Lin and co-workers described a multimodal contrast agent formed by the layer-by-layer deposition of Gd complexes and polymers on sihca nanoparticles containing [Ru(bipy)3] " ions as luminescence markers " (Figure 7.4). The doped silica particle was formed by the hydrolysis of TEOS in the presence of [Ru(bipy)3] ". Anionic gadolinium-DTPA complexes were then tethered to the surface with an appended trimethoxy silane chain. A layer-on-layer process followed with the addition of oligomeric cationic Gd(DOTA bis amide) complexes. SEM and TEM data showed silica particles of 37 nm diameter. 

Terwey B, Becker H, Thron AK et al (1989) Gadolinium-DTPA enhanced MR imaging of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas. J Comput Assist Tomogr 13 30-37 Thompson BG, Doppman JL,01dfield EH (1994) Treatment of cranial dural arteriovenous fistulae by interruption of leptomeningeal venous drainage. J Neurosurg 80 617-623... 

Dialysis In a 26-month observational study, fever, chills, and nausea were recorded in 13 of 136 patients undergoing hemodialysis or CAPD within hours of a dose of gadolinium DTPA used for cardiovascular evaluation before transplantation [31 ]. No other susceptibility factor was identified. The authors suggested that such reactions may be relevant to the poorly understood pathogenesis of skin reactions to some gadolinium-containing products in patients with end-stage renal disease. 

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