G.D. Searle Company

Also, the composition of firms in the pharmaceutical industry changes as mergers and acquisitions alter SIC codes. For example, the acquisition in 1985 of G.D. Searle Company by Monsanto Corporation, a chemical firm, probably caused Searle s spending on R D to be counted in SIC 281 (chemicals) in subsequent years. Because the SIC classifications change with merger and acquisition activity, NSF is probably a less reliable source of industrywide R D growth rates than is PM A. 

DENNIS J. RUNSER is director of chemical affairs for Marlon Laboratories, Inc., Kansas City, Mo. His responsibilities include analytical and bioanalytlcal research, stability testing, synthesis, pharmacokinetics, and bioavailability studies. He received his B.S. degree in chemistry from Illinois Benedictine College and his Ph.D. from the University of Iowa. He is also currently adjunct professor on the faculty of the University of Mlssouri-Kansas City. Dr. Runser is named in "Who s Who in the Midwest" and is a certified as a professional chemist by the American Institute of Chemists. He has held management positions in quality control and analytical research with G. D. Searle Company and the... 

A similar procedure may be used for the preparation of /)-cyanobenzaldiacetate from -tolunitrile. Information submitted by Rorig and Nicholson, of G. D. Searle and Company, indicates that the critical step in this preparation is to maintain the reaction temperature below 10° throughout the process. Exposure of -cyanobenzaldiacetate to excess chromic, acetic, and sulfuric acids causes a reduction in yield. During the oxidation care should be taken to prevent chromium trioxide from adhering to the walls of the flask above the reaction mixture and then dropping in large amounts into the solution. 

D. W. Houghton, G. D. Searle and Company Ltd., High Wycombe, Bucks,... 

Aspartame. Aspartame [22839-47-0] [53906-69-1] (APM, L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester) (1), also known under the trade names of NutraSweet and EQUAL, is the most widely used nonnutritive sweetener worldwide. This dipeptide ester was synthesized as an intermediate for an antiulcer peptide at G. D. Searle in 1965. Although this compound was known in the literature, its sweet taste was serendipitously discovered when a chemist licked his finger which was contaminated with it. Many analogues, especially the more stable esters, were made (6) and their taste qualities and potencies determined. It was the first compound to be chosen for commercial development. Following the purchase of G. D. Searle by Monsanto, the aspartame business was split off to become a separate Monsanto subsidiary called the NutraSweet Company. 

Both Celebrex and Bextra were developed by Searle, which was subsequently purchased by Monsanto. Monsanto later merged with Pharmacia and Upjohn, and the resultant company later merged with Pfizer. 23 University of Rochester v. G.D. Searle Co., 249 F.2d 216 (W.D. N.Y. 2003). The District Court also held the claims to be invalid due to lack of enablement, an issue we will discuss further later in this chapter. 

Several other companies were quickly attracted into the field, notably G. D. Searle, Roussel-UCLAF, Wyeth, Philips-Duphar, Organon, Upjohn, and Merck, each pursuing the synthesis of new molecules. The most important consideration was to find novel patentable structures derived from their positions in their chosen starting raw... 

Aspartame (a-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine 1-methyl ester) is a sweetening agent that is roughly 200 times sweeter than sucrose. Routes for preparing this compound are described in U.S. 3,492,131, U.S. 4,440,677 (both to G. D. Searle Co.), and U.S. 5,476,961 (to the NutraSweet Company). Determine which route gives the lowest cost of production. 

Sterling-Winthrop, G. D. Searle, Merrell, Marion (initially), A. H. Robbins, and Richardson-Vicks, while European competitors acquired Cutter, Morton, Marion (second-hand), Rorer, and Syntex. Hence no new major pharmaceutical companies were established after the 1920s. 

We thank Dr. N. S. Chandrakumar of G. D. Searle and Company for alerting us to the fact that N-Boc-serine methyl ester could be prepared without significant racemization via esterification with methyl iodide, thereby avoiding the generation and use of diazomethane on a large scale. 

Aspartame was discovered accidentally in 1965 by James M. Schlatter, an employee of the G. D. Searle pharmaceutical company. Schlatter was searching for a chemical compound that could be used to treat ulcers. L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester was one of the compounds he made during his investigations. He accidentally got some of the compound on his fingers, a fact that he did not notice until later in the day. 

This was achieved in part through acquisitions. In the U.S. for instance, Monsanto acquired G.D. Searle in 1985 which marked its entry into pharmaceuticals. In Europe, too, many large companies acquired specialty producers while withdrawing from commodity chemicals, (e.g., Rhone-Poulenc). 

A low calorie artificial sweetener which was approved for human consumption by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in mid-August 1981. It is manufactured by G. D. Searle and Company of Skokie, Illinois, and sold under a different brand name. Chemically, aspartame is the combination of the two amino acids, aspartic acid and phenylalanine—a dipeptide. It is about 180 times sweeter than table sugar. Therefore, it provides the same sweetness as sugar with fewer calories. Furthermore, it does not promote tooth decay, nor does it have an after taste. 

For example, Onandaga Salt Company New York Tartar Company Du Pont Dow Monsanto Esso Research and Engineering Co. Abbott Merck Hercules, Inc. and G. D. Searle Co., Inc. 

SCM Corporation Seagrave Corporation Searle, G. D., Company Shell Oil Company Skelly Oil Company Squibb Corporation Staley, A.E., Manufacturing Standard Brands Paint Standard Oil of California Standard Oil of Indiana Standard Oil of Ohio Stauffer Chemical Company Sterling Drug, Inc. 

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