Standard Oil of Indiana

Isomate A continuous, nonregenerative process for isomerizing C5 - C8 normal paraffins, catalyzed by aluminum trichloride and hydrogen chloride. Developed by Standard Oil of Indiana. 

Tube and Tank A continuous process for thermally cracking petroleum, developed by Standard Oil of Indiana in the 1920s. 

Ultrafining Two hydrodesulfurization processes developed by Standard Oil of Indiana, one for petroleum residua and one for vacuum gas oil. 

Ultraforming A catalytic reforming process developed by Standard Oil of Indiana and licensed by Amoco Oil Company. The catalyst contains platinum and rhenium, contained in a swing reactor - one that can be isolated from the rest of the equipment so that the catalyst can be regenerated while the unit is operating. The first unit was commissioned in 1954. 

In the early 1950s there was the quite contemporary discovery—in three different laboratories—of processes for the polymerization of ethene at low pressure using solid catalysts The catalyst used by the Standard Oil of Indiana was Mo(VI) oxide supported on aluminum oxide the one by Phyllips Petroleum was Cr(VI) oxide still supported on silica/alumina the catalyst studied by Ziegler and his co-workers at the Max Planck Institute at Miihlheim... 

Meanwhile attempts to find an air oxidation route directly from p-xylene to terephthalic acid (TA) continued to founder on the relatively high resistance to oxidation of the /Moluic acid which was first formed. This hurdle was overcome by the discovery of bromide-controlled air oxidation in 1955 by the Mid-Century Corporation [42, 43] and ICI, with the same patent application date. The Mid-Century process was bought and developed by Standard Oil of Indiana (Amoco), with some input from ICI. The process adopted used acetic acid as solvent, oxygen as oxidant, a temperature of about 200 °C, and a combination of cobalt, manganese and bromide ions as catalyst. Amoco also incorporated a purification of the TA by recrystallisation, with simultaneous catalytic hydrogenation of impurities, from water at about 250 °C [44], This process allowed development of a route to polyester from purified terephthalic acid (PTA) by direct esterification, which has since become more widely used than the process using DMT. 

Somewhat similar to the Phillips catalyst is the Standard Oil of Indiana catalyst, which was the first olefin polymerisation coordination catalyst to be discovered [239], It typically consists of M0O3 supported on alumina or silica and calcined in air at high temperature. Unlike the Phillips catalyst, it is necessary to reduce the catalyst precursor thus obtained with hydrogen at elevated temperature before using it for polymerisation. Despite extensive studies, Standard Oil of Indiana catalysts have not been widely commercialised [43],... 

The initial drive for acrylonitrile (AN) production (6.2 Mt/a in 2004 worldwide) was the discovery, in the late 1930s, of the synthetic rubber Buna N. Today nitrile rubbers represent only a minor outlet for AN which is utilized primarily for polymerization to give textile fibres (50%) and ABS resins (24%), and for dimerization to adiponitrile (10%). Early industrial processes depended on the addition of hydrogen cyanide to acetylene or to ethylene oxide, followed by the dehydration of intermediate ethylene cyanohydrin. Both processes are obsolete and are now supplanted by the ammoxidation of propylene (Equation 34) introduced in 1960 by Standard Oil of Indiana (Sohio). The reason for the success stems from the effectiveness of the catalyst and because propylene,... 

Most hydrodeaikylatioQ processes can be adapted to produce xyienes or naphthalene from heavier feeds. For example, two Hydeai units exist producing naphthalene. Two other specific processes for naphthalene manufacture can be added to the list of techniques already mentioned, the catalytic Union Oil of California Unidak process and the Standard Oil of Indiana thermal process. 

J, Smidt, W. Hafner, R. Jira / WACKER (1958) Pd-catalyzed ethylene oxidation STANDARD OIL OF INDIANA (1957) ... 

The timing of the petroleum companies entry into the chemical industry determined their long-term position in the industry. The four that commercialized petrochemicals before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor— Standard Oil of New Jersey (Exxon by 1993), Shell, Standard Oil of California (Chevron by 1993), and Phillips—were the first movers. By the 1950s they had become the leaders in the basic feedstocks and commodity polymers such as polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, and polypropylene. Those companies that entered after 1941 achieved success by focusing on specific niche products in the manner of the smaller U.S. companies. As shown in Table 1.1, these include Arco (Atlantic Refining Company), Amoco (Standard Oil of Indiana), Ashland, and BP America (acquirer of Standard Oil of Ohio). 

Landau s approach involved corporate partnerships, and he pursued two. The first was a proposal to Amoco (Standard Oil of Indiana) in 1955 to make a key ingredient of polyester fiber, using a process developed by Scientific Design. Amoco scoffed at the proposal, however, and its vice president of research told Landau that such a deal would be like the mating of an elephant and a mouse. The proposal failed and Scientific Design ended up selling its technology to Amoco. 

The followers—Standard Oil of Indiana (Amoco), Atlantic Refining (Arco), Mobil, Texaco, and British Petroleum—entered the industry during the war. Of these, Mobil and Texaco proved unsuccessful in commercializing products from the new technology, as were Ashland, Occidental, and France s Blf-Atochem, which entered after the war. 

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