Fungi cultures

The production of D-xylanase activity by fungi cultured on cellulose may also be due to the action of a cellulase component having multisubstrate activity. Cellulases have always been reported to be adaptive enzymes,226 and the multiplicity of such enzymes may imply that this pseudo-xylanase activity is produced constitutively when fungi are grown on cellulose as the sole source of carbon. Cellulases of this type have been shown203 also to attack D-xylan even when they are highly purified (for example, cellulase F-2 from Trichoderma viride203). 

Blood cultures (two or more sets, including vascular access devices) for bacteria and fungi cultures of other suspected infection sites (infection can be documented microbiologically in only about 30% of cases, about one-half of which are due to bacteremia). 

There are five potential directions to obtain valuable natural products originating from plants direct extraction, chemical synthesis, plant cell and tissue culture, endophytic fungi culture, and heterologous synthesis. 

The approaches that are commonly used to improve the in vitro production of PTOX in plant organ cultures include optimization of cultivation, precursor feeding, and elicitation [96]. The highest amount of PTOX (2.26% DW) was achieved in the coculture of L. album suspension cells with the live fungus Sebacina ver-mifera [97]. In addition, several endophytic fungi cultures have the capacity to produce PTOX, such as Fusarium solani from P hexandrum [98], Phialocephala fortinii from P. peltatum [99], Trametes hirsuta from P. hexandrum [100], and... 

Both viruses and protozoa are difficult to grow in culture. Viruses need living cells to grow in and their small size makes them difficult to deal with. Protozoa need complex diets of organic materials. Bacteria, fungi and algae are relatively easy to grow in culture. 

In the production of antibiotics, sufficient growth of fungi in submerged cultures has created potential sources of biomass as SCP and as flavour additives to replace mushrooms the biomass contains 50-65% protein.1,5 Production of mushroom from lignocellulosic waste seems to be a suitable and economical process since the raw material is inexpensive and available in most countries. 

In addition to the proteins mentioned above, there have been many reports of the induction of pathogenesis-related proteins (PRPs) in a number of plant species infected by viruses, viroids, bacteria or fungi (Van Loon, 1985). It has been shown that in cultured parsley cells, increased transcription of two PRP genes occurs within a few minutes of exposure to fungal elicitors (Somssich et al., 1986). Although several PRPs from tobacco have been purified and their cDNAs isolated (Hooft van Huijsduij-nen. Van Loon Bol, 1986), the exact action of these proteins remains unclear. 

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