Plant organs, culture

In addition to the advantages mentioned before, plant organ cultures such as hairy roots were useful models in the study of secondary metabolic pathways. From these cultures it was possible the isolation of different key enzymes and its characterization. 

The approaches that are commonly used to improve the in vitro production of PTOX in plant organ cultures include optimization of cultivation, precursor feeding, and elicitation [96]. The highest amount of PTOX (2.26% DW) was achieved in the coculture of L. album suspension cells with the live fungus Sebacina ver-mifera [97]. In addition, several endophytic fungi cultures have the capacity to produce PTOX, such as Fusarium solani from P hexandrum [98], Phialocephala fortinii from P. peltatum [99], Trametes hirsuta from P. hexandrum [100], and... 

Organ cultures. Differentiated tissues of shoots, roots, anthers, ovaries, or other plant organs in culture... 

The performance of human beings is profoundly influenced by the culture of the organization (see discussion of the right stuff above). Unit/plant/company cultures vary in the degree of decision making by an individual operator. Cultures vary in their approach to the conflict between shutdown for safety versus keep it running at all costs. Personnel in one plant reportedly asked Is it our plant policy to follow the company safety policy In an organization with an inherently safer culture, people would say, "Our plant policy is to follow the company safety policies and standards ... 

Dynamic kinetic resolution of a-alkyl-P-keto ester was conducted successfully using biocatalysts. For example, baker s yeast gave selectively syn(2R, 3S)-product [29a] and the selectivity was enhanced by using selective inhibitor [29b] or heat treatment of the yeast [29c]. Organic solvent was used for stereochemical control of G. candidum [29d]. Plant cell cultures were used for reduction of 2-methyl-3-oxobu-tanoate and afforded antialcohol with Marchantia [29e,f] and syn-isomer with Glycine max [29f]. 

Uchiyama T., Numata M., Tereda S., Hosino T. Plant cell Tissue and Organ Culture 32 ... 

Uchiyama T., M. Numata, S.Terada, T. Hosino, Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture 32 (1993) 153. 

Wink M, Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture 38 (1994) 307. 

In this section, the latest developments and recent publications on the biosynthesis of A9-THC and related cannabinoids as precursors are discussed. Special points of interests are the genetic aspects, enzyme regulation, and the environmental factors that have an influence on the cannabinoid content in the plant. Because of new and innovative developments in biotechnology we will give a short overview of new strategies for cannabinoid production in plant cell cultures and in heterologous organisms. 

In recent years, extensive attention has been focused on finding cultured plant cells that can be used as catalysts for organic functional group transformations. A number of transformations employing freely suspended or immobilized plant cell cultures have been reported.24 For example, Akakabe et al.25 report that immobilized cells of Daucus carota from carrot can be used to reduce prochiral carbonyl substrates such as keto esters, aromatic ketones, and heterocyclic ketones to the corresponding secondary alcohols in ( -configuration with enantiomeric excess of 52-99% and chemical yields of 30 63%). 

Giri A, Dhingra V, GiriCC, Singh A, Ward OP, Narasu ML (2001) Biotransformations using plant cells, organ cultures and enzyme systems current trends and future prospects. Biotechnol Adv 19 175-199... 

PETR SOUDEK, SARKA VALENOVA, DAGMAR BENESOVA AND TOMAS VANEK Department of Plant Tissue Cultures, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Science, Flemingovo ndm. 2, 166 10 - Prague 6, Czech Republic... 

In vitro production of alkaloids is possible also with the use of another in vitro technique organ culture. Root cultures are the most common concerning alkaloids, as this part of plants is of great importance for alkaloid synthesis. Root cultures that produce alkaloids have been studied as far back... 

Holden, P. R. and Yeoman, M. M. 1994. Variation in the growth and biosynthetic activity of cloned cell-cultures of Capsicum frutescens and their response to an exogenously supplied elicitor. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture, 38(1) 31-37. 

Do, C.B. and Cormier, F., Accumulation of peonidin 3-glucoside enhanced by osmotic stress in grape Vitis vinifera L.) cell suspension. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Culture, 24, 49, 1991. 

Sharp, J.M. and Doran, RM. (2001). Strategies for enhancing monoclonal antibody accumulation in plant cell and organ cultures. Biotechnol. Progress 17 979-992. 

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