Functions of the body

Heart the body s pump supplies blood and oxygen to the brain, various organs and muscles 

Each of these organs plays a unique role in the effective functioning of the body and must be protected from the agents that damage it. Some of those agents and the protective techniques are dealt with in the following sections. 

Kidneys separates water and urea from body fluids and disposes of them 

Bladder storage vessel for waste body fluids 

---

The Food, Dmg and Cosmetics Act defines a cosmetic as a substance intended to be mbbed, poured, sprinkled, or sprayed on, introduced into, or otherwise appHed to the human body or any part thereof for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance. A dmg is defined as an article intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in humans or other animals, and articles intended to affect the stmcture or any function of the body of humans or other animals. 

Intended to affect the structure or any function of the body of man or other animals,... 

FDCA defines drugs as articles intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease and articles (other than food) intended to affect the structure or any function of the body. Therefore, a product becomes a drug based upon its intended use and not upon its composition or source [26]. A pharmacist may violate the FDCA if he or she recommends and sells a dietary supplement for the treatment of a particular disease—the pharmacist would be indicating the product as an unapproved drug. However, if the pharmacist is not selling the product, the FDCA would not be violated. 

The transfer step involves the passage of iron that has been taken up at the apical, brush border membrane across the mucosal epithelial cell to the basolateral membrane, where it is transferred to the circulation. However, not all the iron taken up from the lumen into the cell is transferred. As a function of the body s... 

Mitochondria are structures within cells that convert the energy from food into a form that cells can use. Although most DNA is packaged in chromosomes within the nucleus, mitochondria also have a small amount of their own DNA (known as mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA). In some cases, inherited changes in mitochondrial DNA can cause problems with growth, development, and function of the body s systems. These mutations disrupt the mitochondria s ability to generate energy efficiently for the cell. 

Physiologic Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. 

Surprisingly, GHB is naturally present in most cells of the human body at very low concentrations. Although the function of the body s own GHB is not clear, scientists believe it may be involved with cellular metabolism. GHB is also found in the brain and is believed to act as a neurotransmitter. It is believed... 

In view of the advances in nnderstanding the canse of death in cells, it is somewhat ironic that we understand so little as to what causes death in otherwise healthy humans as they become old (i.e. death due to senescence). In fact, in the UK it is now not permissible to write old age or a similar phrase on a death certificate. The most likely cause of death in humans under most circumstances, is, as indicated above, failure of the vital centres in the brain, e.g. the cells in the brain stem. A suggestion for the cause of death in old age is the progressive decrease in cardiac output with age. Nonetheless, under normal conditions, even a lower cardiac output will not compromise the function of the brain. However, a mild trauma, mild stress or mild infection requires an increase in cardiac output (to support the biochemical changes described in Chapter 18). If this required increase can no longer be attained by the heart in an elderly person, the provision of blood to the brain could be insufficient for this organ. The part of the brain that maintains the essential functions of the body, that is, the brain stem, may be the first to be affected, so that the control of the contraction of the heart or breathing... 

Acetylcholine is the primary neurotransmitter in the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, which mainly innervates the gastrointestinal tract, eyes, heart, respiratory tract, and secretory glands. Although its receptors are crucial for maintaining all normal functions of the body, an extremely small number of illnesses can be explained by the dysfunction of cholinergic regions of the peripheral autonomic system. 

Although the nervous system is often discussed in terms of peripheral and central components, it should be regarded as a highly integrated whole in which the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) plays a critical information gathering and processing role. The peripheral nervous system is often divided into the autonomic and somatic components. The somatic system controls the voluntary functions of the body, like those of the skeletal muscles. The... 

Anxiety is a emotional feeling of fear along with discomfort and uneasiness. Antianxiety drugs are used to control the symptoms of anxiety without affecting the other mental and physical functions of the body. They are classified as in table 2.5.2. 

Vitamins are exogenous chemical substance required by the body in very small amount for the various metabolic functions of the body and categorized as essential nutrients. They do not yield energy but enable the body to use other nutrients and are primarily used in the prevention and treatment of certain deficiency diseases. 

Similar to drugs, dietary supplements can make claims to affect the structure or function of the body. However, supplements are specifically prohibited from making disease claims. A dietary supplement bearing structure or function claims is also required to carry the following disclaimer on the product label The FDA has not evaluated this claim. This product is not intended to diagnose, mitigate, treat, cure or prevent disease (19). 

The SNS and PNS counteract and thereby balance each other in the regulation of the autonomic functions of the body. Should one system become inoperable the other will dominate. Table 5 lists the responses of various tissue and organs to SNS and PNS stimulation. Figure 24 summarizes the details of the autonomic nervous system. 

Chemical properties.—Sodium chloride is necessary for the proper performance of the physiological functions of the body the other alkali chlorides are said to be poisonous 64 with small animals. According to C. Richet, the maximum dose per kilogram of animal, with subentaneous injections, is 01 grm. with lithium chloride 0 5 grm. with potassium chloride l O grm. with rubidium chloride and 0 5 grm. with caesium chloride. Lithium chloride is very hygroscopic sodium chloride is less hygroscopic, but it takes up O 5 to 0> 6 per cent, moisture on exposure... 

---