Hydrocarbons functionalized

We can begin to scratch the surface of organic chemistry by categorizing organic compounds into types hydrocarbons and functionalized hydrocarbons. 

Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbons compose common fuels such as oil, gasoline, liquid propane gas, and natural gas. 

Hydrocarbons containing only single bonds are called alkanes, while those containing double or triple bonds are alkenes and alkynes, respectively. The names of simple, straight-chain hydrocarbons consist of a base name, which is determined by the number of carbon atoms in the chain, and a suffix, determined by whether the hydrocarbon is an 

The base names for a number of hydrocarbons are listed here  

Functionalized hydrocarbons can be thought of as hydrocarbons in which a functional group— a characteristic atom or group of atoms— is incorporated into the hydrocarbon. For example, alcohols are oiganic compounds that have an -OH functional group. We designate 

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From the thermodynamic point of view, the hydroisomerization reaction is not pressure sensitive. However, because the catalyst contains the acid function, hydrocarbon cracking is an unavoidable side reaction. The cracking reaction however should depend on the total pressure. Table 7.4 shows laboratory results obtained in a bench scale reactor at 250°C (482°F), H2/HC = 1 with a synthetic feedstock containing 50wt% of n.Cs, 25 of iCs, 20 of n C6, 5 of methylcyclopentane and no heptane (Feed 1). At a liquid hour space velocity (LHSV) of 2h an increase of the total pressure from 20 bar to 30 bar reduces the cracking selectivity S = Z C4/Z HC from 1.6 to 1.1 wt.-%, whereas at a LHSV of 1 h 1 no effect can be observed. 

SURFACTANT SURFACTANT COSURFACTANT (SIMPLE FUNCTIONAL) HYDROCARBON... 

Diene based rubbers are functionalized via addition of 185 to C = C double bonds during vulcanization [240]. Functionalized hydrocarbon chain polymers with pendant phenolic moiety (186) are formed. PP bound HALS 187 was formed... 

Technologies have been developed to reduce the hydrocarbon emissions during cold start. One of the technologies, the hydrocarbon adsorber [1-3] has been most attractive to automotive makers because it has the advantage in view of cost and performance. Hydrocarbons of the cold start depend on the condition of a vehicle, fuel and driver. About 100 hydrocarbon species are present in the exhaust of the cold start. They consist of about 10% methane, about 30% alkenes such as ethylene or propene, about 30% alkanes such as pentane or hexane, about 20% aromatics such as toluene or xylene, and about 10% other species. Therefore, a hydrocarbon adsorber has to show a good selectivity for the hydrocarbons. In order to remove the adsorbed hydrocarbons effectively, the hydrocarbon adsorber needs to have an additional function, hydrocarbon conversion. 

It is important to note that we are talking about D(M—L), defined as 1/n times the enthalpy to disrupt (i.e. dismember) ML into M + nL—this quantity is generally not equal to D(ML j—L) which corresponds to cleaving only one M—L bond in ML and so forms ML + L.] At least for liquid species, it is highly plausible that the second bracketed term in equation 4 is nearly a constant. Elsewhere it was shown that for numerous substituents X, to within a few kJmoP the enthalpy of vaporization of arbitrary mono functional hydrocarbon derivatives, RX, may be approximated by... 

Mills et al. (IS) proposed that (see Fig. 10) in order to travel to a compound in a diagonal position, it is necessary to transfer on the catalyst surface from one site to another. Thus the concept of the dual functional hydrocarbon conversion catalyst with distinctly different sites became clearly introduced. 

R122 T. E. Hogen-Esch, H. Zhang and D. Xie, Synthesis and Characterization of Well Defined End-Functionalized Hydrocarbon and Perfluor-ocarbon Derivatives of Polyethyleneoxide and Poly(N,N-Dimethylacrylamide) , p. 179 vol. 774, 2001... 

With the permission of the author [3], we borrow here data (Table 1) which indicates the production capacity of the major industrial processes using oxygen for functionalizing hydrocarbons. The production of acetic acid should be added to the list, although 60% of its 6.1 million t/year total world capacity (to reach 67% in the next future) is due to the Monsanto process (methanol carbonylation) [4]. Only the rest (2.4 million t/year) is produced by oxidation of butane or other alkanes or acetaldehyde or, for a small proportion, hy the Showa Denko process (oxidation of ethylene). 

Among the earliest reports of alkane activation by a transition metal complex were the articles by Shilov in which Pt(n) served as a catalyst for methane oxidation and Pt(iv) served as a stoichiometric oxidant." The mechanism of C-H activation was termed electrophilic, as the cationic metal was postulated to interact with the electrons of the C-H bond which then lost a proton, forming a metal-carbon bond without a change in oxidation state. Oxidation of the complex by two electrons was then followed by nucleophilic attack at carbon, giving a functionalized hydrocarbon (Scheme 1). 

Diels-Alder condensations of fumaric and maleic acid polyesters with various dienes can serve as another example. These reactions require 20 hours at room temperature. Diels-Alder condensations can also be carried out on polymers of 1,3,5-hexatriene, 1,3,5-heptatriene, and 2,4,6-octatriene. Sulfonate-substituted maleic anhydride adds to low-functionality hydrocarbon elastomers, like EPDM, presumably via an Alder-ene-type reaction ... 

Metal-containing ions are useful reactants for the identification of organic compounds by mass spectrometry. The formation of metal adducts is especially advantageous when traditional methods of ionization (El, Cl) do not result in stable molecular ions or protonated species. Chemical ionization with metals and metal-containing ions provides high selectivity and sensitivity to specific types of analytes (unsaturated and functionalized hydrocarbons, peptides, crown ethers,... 

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