Functional layer, fiber reinforced

Another option would be to add steel or fiber reinforced shotcrctc layer to the exterior surface of a CMU wall. The shotcrete adds significant ductility to the wall, increases the inertia mass and bonds the existing blocks This prevents the blocks from becoming dislodged when the wall undergoes defied ions. This type of exterior construction can be accomplished with minimal interruptions to the building functions. Foundation modifications may be needed to accommodate additional dead load from shotcrete application. 

Translucent sandwich panels for the side-facades were also made of glass-fiber-reinforced polyester composites (see Figure 1.8). The sandwich panels consisted of two layers separated by a composite fiber sheet with trapezoidal corrugations. The surface of the facade panels was finished with fleeces that also provide resistance to aging and U V radiation. As the main function of these facade elements was thermal insulation, the sandwich panels were filled with aerogels. They were therefore able to provide a K-value of 0.4 W m with a panel thickness of only 50 mm [18]. In terms of building fire considerations, a sprinkler system was installed as an active fire protection. 

Figures 14.28 and 14.29 show the stiffness constants of 30wt% glass fiber-reinforced Vectra A as functions of the position along the width. The position dependence and the pattern of anisotropy are similar to those of Vectra A (Figures 14.10-14.12) but the magnitudes of the stiffnesses are higher owing to the reinforcing effects of the fibers. In the top layer the stiffnesses are independent of position, and C33 > c, and C33 > These results imply that not...

Figure 4 Predicted fiber distribution functions in skin and core layers of a square plate (100 X 100 X 3 nun) molded of glass fiber reinforced pol)q>ropylene 15].

The generic demonstrator shown in Fig. 7.15B consists of a glass fiber-reinforced polyamide 6 (GF-PA 6) component. Additionally, especially developed matrix identical thermoplastic compatible piezoceramic modules (TPM) were embedded in the demonstrator structure during its manufacturing process. In Fig. 7.14 the built up of different TPM configurations are shown, consisting of thermoplastic carrier films, metallized with electrode structures and piezoelectric functional layers (eg, piezoceramic plates, fiber composites, or printing pastes) in the middle. 

For the structural component, semifinished fiber-reinforced PA 6 plates (type TEPEX 102-RG600(x)/47%, Bond Laminates GmbH) are used. By means of a hot pressing process, these plates were healed up over melting temperature, the TPM was inserted in the lay-up, and during the consohdation of the part under temperahire and pressure, the TPM carrier film melted to the composite matrix. Consequently, the piezoceramic functional layers were material homogeneously and directly integrated... 

Two basic composite designs for the functional layer of roll covers are used in the paper industry Composite covers with a fiber reinforced functional layer and composite covers with a cast functional layer (resin covers). 

Composite covers with fiber reinforcement in the functional layers are mainly used in calender applications. The use of fibers significantly improves the mechanical and thermal robustness of the cover. High performance materials like Ara-mide fibers are used, where a high damage tolerance is required. Compared with... 

Composite covers with cast functional layers are applied in the press section or in calenders. Typically, mineral filled resin systems are applied onto a fiber reinforced... 

Aerospace applications of ceramic matrix composites to date have been limited. Perhaps the most significant are the aircraft engine flaps used on a French fighter. There are two types. Both use silicon carbide matrices. One is reinforced with carbon fibers, and the other with a multifllament silicon carbide fiber. Another application is a missile diverter thruster made of carbon fiber-reinforced silicon carbide. Again, the process used to make this part is CVI. The Space Shuttle Orbiter thermal protection system (TPS) makes extensive use of tiles composed of a three-dimensional network of discontinuous oxide fibers with silicate surface layers. While there is no continuous matrix for most of the tile, the surface region is a form of CMC. In a sense, this can be considered to be a type of functionally graded material. 

Foil duct tapes, used in North America for heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems, are constructed of 50 pm aluminum foil coated with 50-100 pm of an acrylic dispersion PSA to provide high adhesion and functionality at extreme use temperatures. Once coated, the adhesive is covered with a release liner to prevent adhesion to the top side of the foil and subsequent blocking of the tape roll. Some foil tapes use strands of fiber reinforcement laminated between foil and kraft paper layers to improve tensile strength [24]. 

Tank bottom corrosion is a function of the water layer that exists on the bottom of most tanks. The presence of sulfate-reducing bacteria, characterized by shiny pits, is more of a problem in heavy stocks because oxygen cannot reach the bottom. The most common way to control tank bottom corrosion is to drain the water from the tank bottom periodically. Both epoxy and polyester coatings reinforced with chopped glass fiber have been used successfully in places where severe corrosion has occurred. For new tanks in which corrosion is expected, coal-tar epoxy is usually specified for the bottom. Corrosion of the underside of the tank bottom does not usually occur if a proper oH and sand base is used. Cathodic protection is used when water cannot be prevented from contacting the underside of the tank bottom. 

Most commercial systems like Mustang from Pall and Sartobind from Sartorius make use of functionalized microporous membranes. The fibrils reinforced membranes are (pleated) layered around a porous core. The feed is forced to permeate through the membranes in radial direction. This approach results in high area to volume ratio. The 3M and Mosaic Systems approach is different. Instead of functionalization of a porous support they make use of already functionalized beads, which are embedded in a porous support. In this approach, the beads are responsible for the capacity and selectivity where the porous matrix controls the hydrodynamics. The 3M modules consist of stacked flat sheet or pleated membranes, while Mosaic Systems makes use of porous fibers in which the active particles are embedded (Figure 3.23). 

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