Functional general design, protein

Separation media, with bimodal chemistry, are generally designed for the complete separation of complex samples, such as blood plasma serum, that typically contain molecules differing in properties such as size, charge, and polarity. The major principle of bifunctional separation relies on the pore size and functional difference in the media. For example, a polymer bead with hydrophilic large pores and hydrophobic small pores will not interact with and retain large molecules such as proteins, but will interact with and retain small molecules such as drugs and metabolites. 

Figure 16.1 The general design of an ICAT reagent consists of a biotinylation compound with a spacer arm containing stable isotope substitutions. The reactive group is used to label proteins or peptides at particular functional groups and the biotin affinity tag is used to isolate labeled molecules using immobilized (strept)avidin.

Protein Functional Methodology - Requirements and General Design... 

Generally, the rational construction and reorganization of hybrid enzymes relies on a comprehensive knowledge of structure and function of the proteins involved. The availability of such information for only a small percentage of proteins has so far limited the effective rational design on a wider range of targets. 

Highly sophisticated computational methods are invaluable assets in the search for the biological function of uncharacterized proteins. For many proteins computational sequence analysis can suggest at best a general biochemical function. Still, this information can be used to design experimentally testable hypotheses aimed at identifying... 

Astringents are designed to dry the skin, denature skin proteins, and tighten or reduce the size of pore openings on the skin surface. These products can have antimicrobial effects and are frequendy buffered to lower the pH of skin. They are perfumed, hydro-alcohoHc solutions of weak acids, such as tannic acid or potassium alum, and various plant extracts, such as bitch leaf extract. The alcohol is not only a suitable solvent but also helps remove excess sebum and soil from the skin. After-shave lotions generally function as astringents. 

---