Cardinal features

Asthma is characterized by variable symptoms such as wheeze, shortness of breath and coughing and is usually associated with airway inflammation, with variably reduced spirometric indices [4, 5], with increased non-specific airway responsiveness (AR) to spasmogens [6, 7] and increased levels of semm immunoglobulin E (IgE) and eosinophils [8-10]. The symptoms of asthma are primarily due to excessive airway narrowing, which leads to an increased resistance to airflow, especially during forced expiration, and produces characteristic spirometric findings. A cardinal feature of asthma is that airway narrowing is reversible either spontaneously or as the result of therapy. 

Preparative TLC TLC may be skillfully extended to cater for extremely useful method for preparative separations. To maintain uniformity, as arule, plates of 20 cm height and 20-100 cm length with layers between 0.5 and 0.2 mm thickness are normally employed. It essentially has three cardinal features, namely ... 

Idzko M. Hammad H, van Nimwegen M, Kool M, Vos N, Hoogsteden HC, Lambrecht BN Inhaled iloprost suppresses the cardinal features of asthma via inhibition of airway dendritic cell function. J Clin Invest 2007 II7 464-472. 

The cardinal feature of catalysis is that the equilibrium constant of a chemical reaction is unaffected by the presence of a catalyst. This is true as long as the concentration of the catalyst is insignificant relative to the concentra-tion(s) of the least abundant reactant(s) or product(s). Thus for an uncatalyzed reaction (A B) with rate constants k+ and k- (for the forward and reverse rates, respectively), the equilibrium constant K q = k+lk-. In the presence of catalyst, the rate constants are increased, say to xk+ and yk-, and the new equilibrium constant Keq = xk+lyk- = (xly) k+/k-) = x y)K q. Because the rate enhancement in the presence of enzyme will always be the same for forward and reverse reactions, x = y, such that Ksq must still equal K q. 

The cardinal feature of all first-order processes is that the period required for reducing the reactant by a factor of 2 is independent of the amount of substance present. 

A vitamin whose pyrophosphorylated form is an essential coenzyme in so-called a condensation and a cleavage reactions, whose cardinal feature is that the scissile bond always lies immediately adjacent to the carbonyl group. 

Toxicology. Arsine is a severe hemolytic agent abdominal pain and hematuria are cardinal features of arsine poisoning and are frequently accompanied by jaundice. 

The cardinal features to note which indicate clinical... 

Alzheimer s disease, the most prevalent form of dementia, afflicts approximately 10% of the population over age 65. The cardinal features of Alzheimer s disease are progressive loss of memory and disordered cognitive function. Alterations in behavior and a decline in Ian-... 

The cardinal features of PTSD include initial exposure to a traumatic event, with the subsequent development of three symptom clusters reexperiencing of the trauma, avoidance behavior, and hyperarousal. The DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) criteria state that the A-criterion for PTSD, traumatic exposure, involves experiencing, witnessing, or being confronted with an event that is life threatening or involves serious threat or injury to oneself or others. 

In this book there have not been systematic examinations of the conceptual status and details of dependent states on the various drugs, but it is certainly worth noting that a condition comprising true dependence on cannabis is now recognized. In many ways the three cardinal features of dependence on a substance are tolerance, craving and withdrawal symptoms, and these have clearly been shown particularly in users presenting for treatment. 

Several types of abnormal movement are recognized. Tremor consists of a rhythmic oscillatory movement around a joint and is best characterized by its relation to activity. Tremor at rest is characteristic of parkinsonism, when it is often associated with rigidity and an impairment of voluntary activity. Tremor may occur during maintenance of sustained posture (postural tremor) or during movement (intention tremor). A conspicuous postural tremor is the cardinal feature of benign essential or familial tremor. Intention tremor occurs in patients with a lesion of the brain stem or cerebellum, especially when the superior cerebellar peduncle is involved it may also occur as a manifestation of toxicity from alcohol or certain other drugs. 

Rebound may be contrasted with a withdrawal reaction in which stopping the hypnotic is followed by the emergence of new symptoms, not previously experienced by the patient. Muscle tension and pain, loss of appetite and weight, and perceptual changes such as hyperacusis are cardinal features of withdrawal reactions from benzodiazepine-type depressants. 

The time for confrontation is past, if it was ever present. Peter is made of softer, more ductile stuff than Tim. He poses no threat to anyone and is not about to get under anybody s skin. Tim has had his day and history will honor him for the heroic man he is. Peter epitomizes the unheroic plodder with no particular qualifications, and we feel more comfortable with him. In fact, there is something alien in confrontation to the whole ethos of LSD and its sister-substances. Non-confrontation is a cardinal feature of a well-run LSD session. 

These observations are consistent with the prediction that sensitization induced by repeated drug exposure increases the basic responsiveness of DA neurons to stimuli (Robinson and Berridge, 1993). However, this conclusion, while consistent with the prediction of the theory, turns out to be deleterious for its validity as a model of human addiction. In fact, since sensitization increases the incentive properties of any appetitive stimulus, not only of drug-related ones, it can hardly account for a cardinal feature of drug addiction, namely that the excessive impact over behavior exerted by drug-conditioned stimuli is reciprocated by a reduced impact by stimuli conditioned to nondrug rewards. 

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