Fullerenes preparation methods

Lyon DY, Adams LK, Falkner JC, Alvarez PJJ (2006) Antibacterial activity of fullerene water suspensions Effects of preparation method and particle size. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40 4360 1366. 

Units and methods are developed to study the effect of active forms of oxygen on fullerene-based photosensitizers. The kinetics of the inactivation of influenza vims in saline and allantoic fluid during the course of photodynamic treatment using fullerene preparations is studied. Optimization of conditions has been conducted for viral inactivation (irradiation, doses, concentration of fullerene, and intensity of oxygen flow). Experiments are performed for inactivation of vims in blood semm. 

Brant JA, Labille J, Bottero JY et al. (2006) Characterizing the impact of preparation method on fullerene cluster structure and chemistry. Langmuir. 22 3878-3885. 

Ikeda A, Sato T, Kitamura K et al. (2005) Efficient photocleavage of DNA utilising water-soluble lipid membrane-incorporated [60]fullerenes prepared using a [60]fullerene exchange method. Org Biomol Chem. 3 2907-2909. 

Fullerenes were detected for the first time upon laser-induced vaporization of graphite [10]. However, the first preparative method involved the vaporization of graphite by arc discharge (see Fig. 4) [30-33]. Today, the sooting flame from a... 

The most widely used method of fullerene and carbon nanotube preparation is an arc discharge in a buffer gas. Helium is usually applied as the gas. Argon is more widespread and cheap gas than helium. However the fullerene yield is less than 2 % with that gas whereas in a helium arc discharge it is about ten times greater. We have worked out an effective method of small quantity fullerene preparation by means of an argon arc discharge [1-3]. This report informs about the further investigation in this direction. 

The Bingel-Hirsch Reaction One of the most valuable preparative methods applicable to fullerenes is the Bingel-Hirsch reaction. This is, in detail, the nucleophilic attack of a bromomalonate on the double bond of a fuUerene in the course of which a cyclopropane ring is generated. The reaction exclusively yields the meth-anofullerene with a bridged (6,6)-bond. It has first been described by C. Bingel in 1993, and A. Hirsch subsequently optimized the conditions, so today it is one of the best controllable reactions of fullerenes and can be performed with a multitude of reagents and substrates. 

Since the discovery of its stable soccerball structure [240] and of the arc-discharge preparation method for synthesizing large quantities of Cjo (buckminsterfull-erene, Fig. 4-16) and other fullerenes, [241] research on these materials has been progressing at a furious pace. The chemistry of the fullerenes has been recently summarized, [242, 243] and new reviews are rapidly making even rather recent ones out of date. 

Bensebaa, R, Xiang, B. S., and Kevan, L. J., A new preparation method for superconducting alkali doped fullerenes, J. Phys. Chem., 96, 6118, 1992 Imaeda, K., Khairullin, 1.1., Yakushi, K., Nagata, M., Mizutani, N., Kitagawa, H., and Inokuchi, H., New superconducting sodium-nitrogen-Cjo ternary compound. Solid State Commun., 87, 375, 1993. 

In the theoretical carbon nanotube literature, the focus is on single-wall tubules, cylindrical in shape with caps at each end, such that the two caps can be joined together to form a fullerene. The cylindrical portions of the tubules consist of a single graphene sheet that is shaped to form the cylinder. With the recent discovery of methods to prepare single-w alled nanotubes[4,5), it is now possible to test the predictions of the theoretical calculations. 

The following is a comprehensive smwey of the chemistry of macrocycles comprised entirely of phenyl and acetylenic moieties. Although over fom" decades old, this area of research has come into its own just in the last few years. Widespread interest in the field has been spurred by recent discoveries utilizing these compoimds as ligands for organometallic chemistry, hosts for binding guest molecules, models of synthetic carbon allotropes, and precursors to fullerenes and other carbon-rich materials. This review will discuss the preparation of a tremendous variety of novel structm-es and detail the development of versatile synthetic methods for macro cycle construction. 

Concept With the discovery of the fullerenes, it has become evident that elemental carbon can exist in almost an infinite number of stable allotropes that are either molecular or polymeric in nature. Whereas achiral and chiral fullerenes can now be prepared in bulk quantities and methods for their regio- and stereoselective multiple functionalization are being developed in increasing numbers, the... 

The Ba.C) N, nanotubes and fullerene-like structures have been synthesized by various laboratories in recent years. The most popular method is the plasma arc technique. The first report on the synthesis of BN nanotubes was by Zettl and coworkers (55). Since BN is an insulator, a composite anode was prepared from a tungsten rod with an empty bore in the center, which was stuffed with a pressed hexagonal BN powder. For the cathode, a water-cooled Cu rod was used. The collected gray soot contained limited amount of multi wall BN nanotubes. It is possible that in this case, the tungsten serves also as a catalyst. By perfecting this method, macroscopic amounts of double-wall BN nanotubes of a uniform diameter (2 nm)... 

Chlorine (Cl), 6 130-211 9 280. See also Inorganic chlorine XeCl laser addition to fullerene, 12 240-241 analytical methods, 6 202 bleaching agent, 4 50 capacities of facilities, 6 193-198t catalyst poison, 5 257t chemical properties, 6 133-138 diffusion coefficient for dilute gas in water at 20° C, l 67t diffusion coefficient in air at 0° C, l 70t for disinfection, 8 605 economic aspects, 6 188-202 electrolytic preparation/production of, 12 759 16 40 end uses, 6 134-135 in fused quartz manufacture, 22 413 generating from hydrogen chloride, 13 833... 

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