Organic solar cells fullerene

Howard lA, Mauer R, Meister M, Laquai F (2010) Effect of morphology on ultrafast free carrier generation in polythiophene fullerene organic solar cells. J Am Chem Soc 132 14866... 

Glatzel T, Hoppe H, Sariciftci NS, Lux-Steiner MC, Komiyama M (2005) Kelvin probe force microscopy study on conjugated polymer/fullerene organic solar cells. Jpn J Appl Phys 44 5370... 

The aim of this chapter is to give a state-of-the-art report on the plastic solar cells based on conjugated polymers. Results from other organic solar cells like pristine fullerene cells [7, 8], dye-sensitized liquid electrolyte [9], or solid state polymer electrolyte cells [10], pure dye cells [11, 12], or small molecule cells [13], mostly based on heterojunctions between phthaocyanines and perylenes [14], will not be discussed. Extensive literature exists on the fabrication of solar cells based on small molecular dyes with donor-acceptor systems (see for example [2, 3] and references therein). 

Fig. 15 Charge-transfer state electroluminescence (EL) for several polymer fullerene blends used in donor/acceptor organic solar cells. Adapted with permission from [184]. Copyright 2009 American Chemical Society...

Thompson BC, Frechet JMJ (2008) Organic photovoltaics - polymer-fullerene composite solar cells. Angew Chem Int Ed 47 58... 

It is the purpose of this chapter to introduce photoinduced charge transfer phenomena in bulk heterojunction composites, i.e., blends of conjugated polymers and fullerenes. Phenomena found in other organic solar cells such as pristine fullerene cells [11,12], dye sensitised liquid electrolyte [13] or solid state polymer electrolyte cells [14], pure dye cells [15,16] or small molecule cells [17], mostly based on heterojunctions between phthalocyanines and perylenes [18] or other bilayer systems will not be discussed here, but in the corresponding chapters of this book. 

A similar temperature dependence of Isc, Voc, and r) is also reported for the lower mobility generation of solar cells, based on interpenetrating networks of conjugated polymers with fullerenes, but processed from solvents so that the initial efficiency is < 1% [156]. This behavior is discussed extensively in the section dealing with Isc. A positive temperature coefficient is also observed for the efficiency of Cgo single-crystal photoelectrochemical cells [160]. Finally, a temperature dependence of Isc qualitatively similar to that shown in Fig. 5.47a and 5.48 is also observed for organic solar cells based on Zn-phthalocyanine (ZnPc)/perylene (MPP) heterojunctions [161]. 

Mihailetchi [134] investigated the open circuit voltage of the bulk heterojunction organic solar cells based on methanol-fullerene [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) as electron acceptor and poly[2-methoxy-5(3 ,7 -dimethyloctyloxy)-p-phenylene vinylene] (OC1C10-PPV) as an electron donor. It is known that a single layer device follows the MIM model [166] and the open circuit voltage V0c is equal to the difference in the work functions of the metal electrodes [134], If charges accumulate in the... 

Organic solar cell based on fullerene modified by heterocycles, porphyrin systems, and polymers with heterocyclic fragments 04MI53. 

Fluorene oligomers have seen only limited use in organic solar cells to date. If they incorporate any fluorene units at all, most efforts have focused on polyfluorene derivatives [19,20]. For example, Bryce et al. synthesized a series of oligofluorene-fullerene derivatives to study their fundamental photophysical and charge transfer properties [216] (compounds 62-67 in Fig. 17), but have not pursued such structures for organic solar cells yet. 

Schnlze K., Uhrich C., Schnppel R., Leo K., Pfeiffer M., Brier E., Reinold E. and Banerle P. (2006), Efficient vacuum-deposited organic solar cells based on a new low-bandgap oligothiophene and fullerene Ceo , Adv. Mat. 18, 2872-2875. 

Hoppe H, Arnold N, Meissner D, Sariciftci NS (2003) Modeling the optical absorption within conjugated polymer/fullerene-based bulk-heterojunction organic solar cells. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 80 105... 

Kim Y, Chouhs SA, Nelson J, Bradley DDC, Cook S, Durrant JR (2005) Device annealing effect in organic solar cells with blends of regioregular poly(3-hexjdthiophene) and soluble fullerene. Appl Phys Lett 86 063502... 

Organic solar cell (OSC) efficiencies of 5% were recently achieved on indium tin oxide (ITO)/CuPc/CuPc C6o/C6o/bathocuproine (BCP)/A1 photovoltaic (PV) devices employing donor (D) copper-phtalocyanine (CuPc) and acceptor (A) fullerene C6o materials [1]. However, little is known about how the device performance and electrical properties are influenced by the composition and preparation conditions of the CuPciC blend layer. 

Much effort has been devoted to applying electron transfer in H-bonding system for the construction of optoelectronic devices and organic solar cells. For example, fullerene derivative and perylene bisimide have been assembled to form a El-bonded supramolecular system 28 through triple amino-carboxyhc acid interaction [86]. Under 63.2 mW/cm white light irradiation, the film made from the assembly on indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes generated a steady and rapid photocurrent. The response of on/oflf cycling was prompt and reproducible. 

K. Cnops, B. P. Rand, D. Cheyns, B. Verreet, M. A. Empl, P. Heremans, 8.4% Efficient Fullerene-Free Organic Solar Cells Exploiting Long-Range Exdton Energy Transfer. Nat. Commun. 2014,5. 

P. Boland, S. S. Sunkavalli, S. Chennuri, K. Foe, T. Abdel-Fattah, G. Namkoong, Investigation of Structural, Optical, and Electrical Properties of Regioregular Poly(3-Hexylthiophene)/Fullerene Blend Nanocomposites for Organic Solar Cells. Thin Solid Films 2010,518,1728-1731. 

As shown in Figure 5.9, randomly mixed polymer-inorganic BHJ and ordered heterojunction (OHJ) are two common structures to prepare hybrid solar cells [44]. Similar to polymer-fullerene BHJ solar cells, polymer-inorganic hybrid BHJ solar cells (Figure 5.9a) can overcome the limitations of bilayer devices having small donor-acceptor interfacial area with inefficient exciton dissociation. NCRs can be surface modified to render them soluble in organic solvents (such as chloroform, toluene and chlorobenzene) to facilitate solution processability. Various surface... 

---