Fullerenes solar cells

Table 1 Radiative and non-radiative voltage losses in polymer fullerene solar cells...

Muller JG, Lupton JM, Feldmann J, Lemmer U, Scharber MC, Sariciftci NS, Brabec CJ, Scherf U (2005) Ultrafast dynamics of charge carrier photogeneration and geminate recombination in conjugated polymer fullerene solar cells. Phys Rev B 72 195208... 

Vandewal K, Tvingstedt K, Gadisa A, Inganas O, Manca JV (2009) On the origin of the open-circuit voltage of polymer-fullerene solar cells. Nat Meter 8 904... 

Yang LQ, Zhou HX, You W (2010) Quantitatively analyzing the influence of side chains on photovoltaic properties of polymer-fullerene solar cells. J Phys Chem C 114 16793... 

The fill factor (FF), defined as Ima.xVma.x/IScVoc, is 0.25. The relatively low FF may be explained by recombination of charges at the ITO electrode. The present values of Isc and Voc are significantly enhanced in comparison with the device characteristics of a related Ceo-oligophenylenevinylene dyad [102] and quite similar to those previously reported for 7r-conjugated polymer/fullerene solar cells [115], although there has been considerable progress in energy conversion efficiencies of these devices recently [116]. 

Fig. 5.46. Typical I/V curves for an as-produced polymer-fullerene solar cell before and after sealing. Measurements were performed with a solar simulator (Steuer-nagel Solar Constant 575) at an irradiance level of 800 W/m2 and a cell temperature of 55°C. Measured data were corrected to the plotted AM 1.5 values using a calculated mismatch factor of 0.76...

Fig. 5.47. Temperature dependence of the principal photovoltaic parameters for a typical polymer-fullerene solar cell derived from outdoor measurements of its I/V curves. Plotted values of efficiency and Isc have been adjusted to the STC irradiance...

Fig. 5.48. Temperature dependence of normalized photovoltaic parameters for a typical polymer fullerene solar cell derived from indoor measurements of its I/V curves. The ordinate axis displays all parameters normalized to their measured values at 25°C, namely, Jsc 3.1 mA/cm2, Voc- 840 mV, FF 0.55, and 77 1.45%. Active cell area 7.5 mm2. Measurements were performed with a class A solar simulator (Spectrolab X-10). Measured data were corrected to their corresponding AM 1.5 values using a mismatch factor of 0.9...

In the previous section on the short-circuit current, it was demonstrated theoretically and experimentally that Isc in conjugated polymer-fullerene solar cells is controlled to a considerable extent by mobility of the majority charge carriers in the cell s active layer [158]. Moreover, activated behavior of charge carrier mobility in conjugated polymers is known to result in higher mobility at higher temperatures (for a review, see [159]). Accordingly,... 

Kroon J. M., Wienk M. M., Verhees W. J. H. and Hummelen J. C. (2002), Accurate efficiency determination and stability studies of conjugated polymer/fullerene solar cells , Thin Solid Films 403, 223-228. 

Fig. 16 Linear dependence of the compensation voltage Vq (a), defined by the net photocurrent being zero, on the oxidation potential work function) of electrochemically doped PEDOT layers (b) in polymer-fullerene solar cells. (Reproduced with permission from [128], 2002, Wiley-VCH)...

Thermally activated PCBM diffusion and formation of crystalhne aggregates within blends with PPV derivatives were observed even at moderate temperatures [55,68,137]. In contrast, polythiophene based polymer-fullerene solar cells had an overall performance improvement upon thermal anneahng steps [171,172]. This improvement has been mainly correlated with an improved order in the film. This is especially true in the case of polythiophene, which is known to convert to a more ordered phase upon... 

Fig. 30 Photovoltaic properties of an MDMO-PPV based polymer-fullerene solar cell with an active area of 0.1 cm. a External quantum efficiency (EQE) of [70]PCBM MDMO-PPV cells, spin-coated from chlorobenzene (triangles) and ODCB (squares) and of [60]PCBM MDMO-PPV devices spin-coated from chlorobenzene (open circles) b current-voltage characteristics of [70]PCBM MDMO-PPV devices, spin-coated from ODCB in the dark (open circles) and under illumination (AM 1.5, 1000 W/m squares). The inset shows the I-V characteristics in a semilogarithmic plot. (Reproduced with permission from [170], 2003, Wiley-VCH)...

Roster LJA, Mihailetchi VD, Ramaker R, Blom PWM (2005) Light intensity dependence of open-circuit voltage of polymer fullerene solar cells. Appl Phys Lett 86 123509... 

Camaioni N, Ridolfi G, Casalbore-Miceli G, Possamai G, Maggini M (2002) The effect of a mUd thermal treatment on the performance of poly(3-alk)dthiophene)/fullerene solar cells. Adv Mater 14 1735... 

Sivula K, Ball ZT, Watanabe N, Fr6chet JMJ (2006) Amphiphilic diblock copolymer compatibilizers and their effect on the morphology and performance of polythio-phene fullerene solar cells. Adv Mater 18 206... 

Kim Y, Cook S, Tuladhar SM, Choulis SA, Nelson J, Durrant JR, Bradley DDC, Giles M, McCulloch 1, Ha C-S, Ree M (2006) A strong regioregularity effect in selforganizing conjugated polymer films and high-efficiency polythiophene fullerene solar cells. Nat Mater 5 197... 

Wienk MM, Tm-biez MGR, Struijk MP, Fonrodona M, Janssen RAJ (2006) Low-band gap poly(di-2-thienylthienopyrazine) fullerene solar cells. Appl Phys Lett 88 153511... 

Pasquier AD, Unalan HE, Kanwal A, Miller S, Chhowalla M (2005) Conducting and transparent single-wall carbon nanotube electrodes for polymer-fullerene solar cells. Appl Phys Lett 87 203511... 

D. C. Coffey, O.G. Reid, D.B. Rodovsky, G.P. Bartholomew, and D.S. Ginger, Mapping local photocurrents in polymer/fullerene solar cells with photoconductive atomic force microscopy. Nano Lett., 7, 738 (2007). 

T.M. Clarke, A.M. Ballantyne, J. Nelson, D.D.C. Bradley, and J.R. Durrant, Free energy control of charge photogeneration in polythiophene/fullerene solar cells The influence of thermal annealing on P3HT/PCBM blends, Adv. Fund Mater., 18, 4029 035 (2008). 

Solanki, A., Wu, B., Salim, T., Yeow, E.K.L., Lam, Y.M., Sum, T.C., 2014. Performance improvements in polymer nanofiber/fullerene solar cells with external electric field treatment. J. Phys. Chem. C 118,11285-11291. 

M. Campoy-Quiles, T. Ferenczi, T. Agostinelli, P. G. Etchegoin, Y. Kim, T. D. Anthopoulos, P. N. Stavrinou, D. D. C. Bradley, J. Nelson, Morphology Evolution via Self-Organization and Lateral and Vertical Diffusion in Polymer Fullerene Solar Cell Blends. Nat. Mater. 2008, 7, 158-164. 

M. Al-Ibrahim, et al. Comparison of normal and inverse poly(3-hexylthio-phene)/fullerene solar cell architectures. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2005. 85(2) p. 277-283. 

M.M. Wienk,eta/., Low-bandgappoly(di-2-thienylthienopyrazine) fullerene solar cells. Applied Physics Letters, 2006. 88(15) p. 153511. 

S.C. Price, et al.. Fluorine substituted conjugated polymer of medium band gap yields 7% efficiency in polymer-fullerene solar cells. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2011. 133(12) p. 4625-4631. 

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