Fujita Scale

FUJITA SCALE DERIVED EF SCALE OPERATIONAL EE SCALE ... 

Enhanced Fujita scale - Updated scale using a set of wind estimates (not measurements) based on damage occurring from a tornado. 

Fujita scale - A scale used to measure the strength of tornadoes. 

The original Fujita Scale was modified by NOAA in February 2007 and is now called the Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF). It is an operational scale based on the estimated speed of three-second wind gusts, as indicated by typical damage levels. The table below describes the damage levels according to the original scale. In the enhanced scale, the damage is measured by a more elaborate set of criteria (see http //www.spc.noaa.gov/efscale/ef-scale.html). 

Number (mph) Typical damage (according to the original Fujita Scale)... 

The reference tornado in Italy is taken to be Degree 4 on the Fujita scale. In the USA two sets of values are used for this event (Bechtel, 1973). The strongest one (in the central-eastern part of the country, notoriously subject to this phenomenon) has a maximum velocity of 576 km h and therefore belongs to the Degree 5 of the Fujita scale. 

R. Saito, G. Dresselhaus, M. Fujita, and M. S. Dresselhaus, 4th NEC Symp. Phys. Chem. Nanometer Scale Mats. (1992). 

Fujita and Nishioka have attempted to place ortho effects on the same numerical scale as meta and para effects. They assume that the normal ortho electronic effect can be represented by the standard substituent constant appropriate to the reaction (cr, cr", cr, cr°), that the steric effect is given by E , and that the proximity effect is measured by the Swain-Lupton Then a multiple LFER is written... 

The Rating Fist for Evaluating Abnormal Behaviors in Children, consisting of 258 items rated on a 4-point scale, was the first original Japanese rating scale for children. It showed satisfactory sensitivity and specificity to distinguish between normal and behavior-disordered children (Fujita et ah, 1982). This scale was used in several randomized controlled studies of drugs for behavioral problems in children with autism and/... 

Fujita S Inagaki S, Self-organization of organosilica solids with molecular-scale and mesoscale periodicities, Chem. Mater., 2008, 20, 891-908. 

The self-diffusion of benzene in PIB [36], cyclohexane in BR [37] and toluene in PIB [38-40] has been investigated by PFG NMR. In addition more recently Schlick and co-workers [41] have measured the self-diffusion of benzene and cyclohexane mixtures in polyisoprene. In the first reported study of this kind, Boss and co-workers [36] measured the self-diffusion coefficients of benzene in polyisoprene at 70.4 °C. The increase in Dself with increasing solvent volume fraction could be described by the Fujita-Doolittle theory which states that the rate of self-diffusion scales with the free volume which in turn increases linearly with temperature. At higher solvent volume fractions the rate of selfdiffusion deviates from the Fujita-Doolittle theory, as the entanglement density decreased below the critical value. 

Using the Fujita-Pearson Tornado Intensity Scale table, answer the following questions. 

Yamagami, C., Kawase, K. and Fujita, T. (1999). Hydrophobicity Parameters Determined by Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography. XIII A new Hydrogen-accepting Scale of Monosub-stituted (Di)azines for the Relationship Between Retention Factor and Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient. Quant.Struct.-Act.Relat., 18, 26-34. 

Fujita, H. Polymer Solutions (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1990). de Gennes, P. G. Scaling Concepts in Polymer Physics (Cornell University Press. Ithaca, New York, 1979). 

In 1962, Hansch, Maloney and Fujita [Hansch, Maloney et al, 1962] published their study on the structure-activity relationships of plant growth regulators and their dependency on Hammett constants and hydrophobidty. Using the octanol/water system, a whole series of partition coefficients was measured and, thus, a new hydrophobic scale was introduced for describing the inclination of molecules to move through environments characterized by different degrees of hydrophilicity such as blood and cellular membranes. The delineation of Hansch models led to explosive development in QSAR analysis and related approaches [Hansch and Leo, 1995]. This approach known with the name of Hansch analysis became and it still is a basic tool for QSAR modeling. 

Figure 31. Scale up of suspension cultures for Lithospermum erythrorhizon cells. (Fujita andTabata, 1987).

Fowler, M. H., Process systems and approaches for large scale plant cell cultures, in Green, C. E., Somers, D. A., Hackett W. P., and Fujita, Y, Shikonins, in Plant Tissue Culture and Fine Chemicals,pp 191-197, CMC Press Inc., Tokyo (1984)... 

Fujita M, Iwamoto J, Kondo M, et al. 1969a. Correlation between ingestion, accumulation and excretion of fallout 90Sr in man on a long-term scale. Health Phys 17 41-50. 

Design based upon the FM methodology can be effective against windstorms having up to hurricane force winds. They are also effective against wind forces generated by tornadoes categorized as F-2 and lower on the Fujita Tornado Wind Intensity Scale. 

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