Fuels, dextrins

Dextrin also has been and is now used as a binder in various pyrotechnic compos (Ref 11) Davis (Ref 5, pp 62ff) gives numerous examples. As a binder a desensitizer it has been used in primer compns, as for example in a friction primer used for an airplane flare (Ref 5, p 454), or in a compn. for electric primers consisting of K chlorate 88, charcoal 10 dextrin 2% (Ref 9, p 118). As a fuel dextrin was used in some commercial expls, such as Nobelit "Fordit (Ref 2, p 407). In some gelatine expls, such as "Safety Jelly Dynamite (Ref, p 407), a paste called "glue-dextrine-glycerine jelly was used... 

Pyrotechnic mixtures may also contain additional components that are added to modify the bum rate, enhance the pyrotechnic effect, or serve as a binder to maintain the homogeneity of the blended mixture and provide mechanical strength when the composition is pressed or consoHdated into a tube or other container. These additional components may also function as oxidizers or fuels in the composition, and it can be anticipated that the heat output, bum rate, and ignition sensitivity may all be affected by the addition of another component to a pyrotechnic composition. An example of an additional component is the use of a catalyst, such as iron oxide, to enhance the decomposition rate of ammonium perchlorate. Diatomaceous earth or coarse sawdust may be used to slow up the bum rate of a composition, or magnesium carbonate (an acid neutralizer) may be added to help stabilize mixtures that contain an acid-sensitive component such as potassium chlorate. Binders include such materials as dextrin (partially hydrolyzed starch), various gums, and assorted polymers such as poly(vinyl alcohol), epoxies, and polyesters. Polybutadiene mbber binders are widely used as fuels and binders in the soHd propellant industry. The production of colored flames is enhanced by the presence of chlorine atoms in the pyrotechnic flame, so chlorine donors such as poly(vinyl chloride) or chlorinated mbber are often added to color-producing compositions, where they also serve as fuels. 

Charcoal is used as a fuel and burning rate stabiliser while dextrin (starch gum) forms a viscous dispersion in water such that it can be added to the pyrotechnic ingredients to form a slurry that will adhere to the wires when dipped. It is normally necessary to dip the wires several times in order to build up a satisfactory coating before drying in a current of warm air. 

Fuels aluminum, magnesium, antimony sulfate, dextrin, sulfur, and titanium. 

The addition of dextrin to fuel compositions has also been described. Dextrins have been mentioned as a source for the manufacture of tartaric... 

A hydrogen containing fuel such as red gum or dextrin, when used as one fuel, will serve as a color enhancer as it will produce H2O when burned. 

Starch is a natural product from renewable resources, produced during photosynthesis as food reserve for plants and vegetables. It is the second most abundant biomass material in nature. It is found in plant roots, stalks, and crop seeds. The most important industrial starch sources are crops such as corn, wheat, potato, tapioca and rice. By refining these crops several byproducts can be obtained such as oil, bran, gluten, dextrin, sugar (glucose, fructose, HFCS), ethanol (for beverages and bio-fuels) and starch. 

Gasoline Isopentane Liquefied petroleum gas fuel, nuclear Nitric acid fuel, picnic stoves Methyl alcohol fuel, pyrophoric Trimethylaluminum fuel, pyrotechnics Dextrin Polyvinyl chloride fuel, rocket... 

Soapstone H2Mg3Si40i2 Natural pH 600, gum, dextrin, alumen R-801,825, cationic collector, short chain of amine Alcohols, pine oil Fuel oil, kerosene Polyphosphate... 

Regardless of the fuel ethanol process, the starch is gelatinized in preparation for liquefaction or incubation with thermoresistant a-amylase (Sears 1995). Next, the liquefied mash is treated simultaneously with amyloglucosidase and yeast to convert dextrins into fermentable carbohydrates and, later on, convert these carbohydrates into ethanol (Figure 14.8). After 2 days of fermentation, the beer is distilled to obtain ethanol with 5% to 10% water. The rest of the water is removed via azeotropic... 

Liquefaction, starch Name of the enzymatic process in which a starch slurry is treated with a-amylase. During the reactions, the viscosity of the gelatinized starch slurry significantly decreases due to the conversion of large starch molecules into dextrins. Starch liquefaction is critically important in the production of syrups, sweeteners, and fuel ethanol. 

Saccharification, starch Name of the enzymatic process in which pregelatinized and dextrinized starch is treated with amyloglucosidase. During the enzyme reaction, most dextrins are converted to glucose or dextrose. This enzymatic reaction is critically important for the production of sweeteners and fuel ethanol. 

Rising demand is reported for nonfood applications in chemical synthesis, biotechnological production of organic acids, solvents and - biopolymers and in the USA for fuel ethanol (gasohol). Slightly hydrolyzed products with behavior of high-molecular starches are not termed s., but - thin-boiling starches (Lintner and Zulkowsky starches) or -> dextrins. 

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