Fuelling systems

Halvorson, T. G., Terbot, C. E. and Wisz, M. W. (1996). Hydrogen Production and Fuelling System Infrastructure for PEM Fuel Cell-Powered Vehicles. Final report, prepared for the Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, MI, USA, under Ford Subcontract No. 47-2-R31157 Direct Hydrogen Fuelled Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell System for Transportation Applications . 

The effects of bioethanol use on NOx emissions are not consistent between different vehicles and studies. Larsen et al. [37] provided an overview of available studies, and concluded that bioethanol use can lead to either increases or decreases in NOx emissions during tests, depending on the experimental conditions. This is consistent with the non-linear behaviour of the emission-control system in petrol vehicles, where the smallest deviations from stoichiometry greatly affect NOx emissions. Leaner mixtures lead to an increase in NOx emissions, and richer mixtures lead to a decrease in NOx emissions. This erratic behaviour suggests that any direct fuel effects are masked by the ability of the fuelling system to maintain stoichiometry when changing from petrol to bioethanol blends in the different vehicles tested. 

A gas engine is modified so it can operate with the product gas and with mixtures of product gas and natural gas. The modifications affect the compression ratio, the ignition system and the fuelling system. 

Other applications, such as in the general aviation (small private aircraft) and the on-board generators of commercial large aircraft are at present state of knowledge at the threshold of technical maturity and operationally meaningful application. Several demonstrators have already demonstrated the feasibility. The increase of the oil price, therefore, decides when the operating of expensive H2 fuelled systems are attractive. 

Nease J, Adams IITA. Coal-fuelled systems for peaking power with 100% C02 capture through integration of solid oxide fuel cells with compressed air energy storage. J Power Sources 2014 251 92-107. 

One of the most common reactions induced by lasers is combustion lasers have been studied for initiating combustion in vehicles in both petrol and natural gas-fuelled systems, and have been studied as igniters in gas turbines. Lasers are limited in the duration and level of power they can produce, unless very large facilities... 

Example System II - Stationary Natural Gas Fuelled System. .. 382... 

For more information on the other developers of MCFC, the review by Dicks and Siddle (1999) should be consulted. There are few large developers and in Japan the main support comes from Ishikawajima-Heavy Industries (IHI) who recently reported the construction of two 300-kW systems. Development is continuing and IHI are carrying out long-term tests on a 10-kW natural-gas fuelled system. Thus, although the emphasis in the MCFC community appears to be on getting systems out for field trials, there are a number of technical issues that remain to be dealt with. 

Figure XIV-3 is a representation of the fuel handling and storage system. The fuelling system has 3 feeding and 3 defuelling points. The operating pressure is up to 9 MPa with a temperature of 20 to 260°C. The fuel storage capacity includes 8 spent fuel tanks with a total spent fuel storage capacity of 6 000 000 spheres. The spent fuel storage period is up to 80 years.

Easy availability of ultrafast high intensity lasers has fuelled the dream of their use as molecular scissors to cleave selected bonds (1-3). Theoretical approaches to laser assisted control of chemical reactions have kept pace and demonstrated remarkable success (4,5) with experimental results (6-9) buttressing the theoretical claims. The different tablished theoretical approaches to control have been reviewed recently (10). While the focus of these theoretical approaches has been on field design, the photodissociation yield has also been found to be extremely sensitive to the initial vibrational state from which photolysis is induced and results for (11), HI (12,13), HCl (14) and HOD (2,3,15,16) reveal a crucial role for the initial state of the system in product selectivity and enhancement. This critical dependence on initial vibrational state indicates that a suitably optimized linear superposition of the field free vibrational states may be another route to selective control of photodissociation. 

F.E.C. Culick. Combustion instabilities in liquid-fueled propulsion systems, an overview. AGARD Conference Proceedings Combustion Instabilities in Liquid Fuelled Propulsion Systems, 450, pp. 1.1-1.73. NATO, 1988. 

One of the applications for hydrogen is for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cells. As mentioned earlier, one application is a hydrogen fuelled hybrid fuel cell / ultra-capacitor transit bus program where significant energy efficiencies can be demonstrated. Another commercial application is for fuel cell powered forklifts and other such fleet applications that requires mobile electrical power with the additional environmental benefits this system provides. Other commercial applications being developed by Canadian industry is for remote back-up power such as the telecommunications industry and for portable fuel cell systems. 

Culick, F. E. C. 1989. Combustion instabilities in liquid fuelled propulsion systems An overview. AGARD CP 450. Paper No. 1. 

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