Fuel for Engines

Tests with alloys such as 1050, 3003, 5754, and 5082 over a very long period of time have shown that fuel does not attack aluminium alloys at all, whether fuel for motor vehicles or for reaction mrbines.  

If fuel contains traces of water of whatever origin, such as freshwater or seawater, this water may accumulate at the bottom of the tank, due to its higher density. This may lead to pitting corrosion. 

Under certain conditions of humidity and temperature, especially in tropical zones, bacteriological corrosion may develop in kerosene tanks of aircraft (see Section B.2.11). Many uses of aluminium with fuel are known  

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Biogas can be used after appropriate gas cleanup as a fuel for engines, gas turbines, fuel cells, boilers, industrial heaters, other processes, or for the manufacturing of chemicals. Before landfilling, treatment or stabihzation of biodegradable materials can be accomplished by a combination of anaerobic digestion followed by aerobic composting. 

Carburant(Fr). Combustible fuel for engines or rocket motors... 

Aqueous solutions of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) can be used in the synthesis of hydrazine (N2H4). Hydrazine has often been used as a rocket fuel, and a derivative of hydrazine is used as a fuel for engines in the orbital maneuvering system of the space shuttle. A solution is prepared by dissolving 45.0 g of NaClO in enough water to produce exactly 750 mL of solution. What is the molarity of the solution ... 

Bell SR, Sekar R (eds) (1994) Natural gas and alternate fuels for engines, vol 21. American Society of Mechanical... 

Fuel System Oil (XJN) provides fuel for engine operation and also executes speed control and engine shutdown ... 

With respect to fuels utilized as heating fuels for industrial furnaces, or as motor fuels for large diesel engines such as those in ships or power generation sets, the characteristics of primary importance are viscosity, sulfur content and the content of extremely heavy materials (asphaltenes) whose combustion can cause high emissions of particulates which are incompatible with antipollution legislation. 

In the applications where the compactness of the energy conversion system is the determining factor as in the case of engines, it is important to know the quantity of energy contained in a given volume of the fuel-air mixture to be burned. This information is used to establish the ultimate relations between the nature of the motor fuel and the power developed by the motor it is of prime consideration in the development of fuels for racing cars. 

Unlike spark-induced combustion engines requiring fuel that resists autoignition, diesel engines require motor fuels, for vhich the reference compound is cetane, that are capable of auto-igniting easily. Additives improving the cetane number will promote the oxidation of paraffins. The only compound used is ethyl-2-hexyl nitrate. 

The reaction mechanism for these products is not clearly understood, but the introduction of organo-metallic compounds (barium or iron salts in colloidal suspension) has been shown to have a beneficiai action on the combustion of diesel fuel in engines and reduce smoke. However, these products cause deposits to form because they are used in relatively large proportions (on the order 0.6 to 0.8 weight %) to be effective. 

In 1987 nonmotor fuel uses of butanes represented ca 16% of the total consumption. Liquid petroleum gas (LPG) is a mixture of butane and propane, typically in a ratio of 60 40 butane—propane however, the butane content can vary from 100 to 50% and less (see Liquefied petroleum gas). LPG is consumed as fuel in engines and in home, commercial, and industrial appHcations. Increasing amounts of LPG and butanes are used as feedstocks for substitute natural gas (SNG) plants (see Fuels, synthetic). / -Butane, propane, and isobutane are used alone or in mixture as hydrocarbon propellents in aerosols (qv). 

Specifications for the principal LPG products are summarized in Table 4. Detailed specifications and test methods for LPG are pubHshed by the Gas Processor s Association (GPA) (3) and ASTM (4). The ASTM specification for special-duty propane and GPA specification for propane HD-5 apply to propane that is intended primarily for engine fuel. Because most domestic U.S. LPG is handled through copper tubing, which could fail if corroded, all products must pass the copper strip corrosion test. A test value of No. 1 represents a LPG noncorrosive to the copper. 

There are several important Hquid fuels, ranging from volatile fuels for internal combustion engines to heavy hydrocarbon fractions, sold commercially as fuel oils. The technology for the combustion of Hquid fuels for spark-ignition and compression-ignition internal combustion engines is not described here. 

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