From fresh and brackish water

Kari, T. and P. Kauranen. 1978. Mercury and selenium contents of seals from fresh and brackish water in Finland. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 19 273-280. 

Diatom frustules and sponge spicules in terrestrial environments are derived chiefly from fresh and brackish water species and from unconsolidated fossiliferous sediments exposed to surface winds and water. 

Globally the most frequently found cyanobacterial toxins in blooms from fresh and brackish waters are the cyclic peptide MCs and nodularin family [65,35]. The MCs are geographically most widely distributed in freshwaters and recently they have been identified in marine waters [5, 66] as a cause of liver disease in net-pen reared salmon, although it is not clear which organism in marine environments contains these toxins. Microcystins and nodularin pose a major challenge for the production of safe drinking water from surface waters containing cyanobacteria with these toxins. 

Energy from Fresh and Brackish Water Aquatic Plants... 

Nyman L, Skoog G (1977) Species specific enzymes in some snail species (Mollusca, Gastropoda) from fresh and brackish water in Sweden. Zoologica Scripta 6 327-330 Oesch F (1972) Mammalian epoxide hydrases inducible enzymes catalysing the inactivation of carcinogenic and cytotoxic metabolites derives from aromatic and olefinic compounds. Xenobiotica 3 305-340... 

The samples were collected in December 1983 during different phases in the tidal cycles and at different depths. ((S) represents the samples collected at 05 m depth and (B) represents the overlying bottom samples). The 4 sampling stations (Fig. 1) were selected in order to obtain a range from fresh to brackish water. Samples were collected up-river (1,2, 3, and 4) at high tide, and down-river (4 , 3 , 2 , and 1 ) at low tide. The measures of pH and electrical conductivity ratios were measured on-board. The salinity of all samples was calculated from the electrical conductivity ratios [ 1 ]. ... 

Benemann, J.R. Energy from Aquaculture Biomass Systems Fresh and Brackish Water Aquatic Plants Office of Technology Assessment, in press. 

A few values of corrosion fatigue strength determined by McAdam [77] in fresh and brackish waters are hsted in Table 8.5. These values, besides varying with environment, are found to vary with rate of stressing, with temperature, and with aeration hence, they are useful only for quahtative comparison of one metal with another. Unlike the fatigue limit in air, they are not usually reliable for engineering design. Conclusions from data of Table 8.5 and similar data are as follows ... 

This stratified estuary has a depth of 40 m, with an upper fresh or brackish water layer of 0.2-4 m, depending on the river flow. The main source of pollution is untreated municipal wastewater, which is discharged into the estuary. Water samples were collected at different distances from these sewage outlets at two water depths from the fresh and the marine water layers. Furthermore, at one location, a vertical profile of the water column was made, including a sample of the water surface micro layer. Total A9PEOn, and individual AgPEOi, A9PEO2 and NP concentrations were determined with normal phase HPLC-FL analysis. 

The two primary methods of removing salts from seawater or brackish water are distillation and reverse osmosis. These techniques are also highly effective in removing a host of other contaminants, such as hard-water ions, pathogens, fertilizers, and pesticides, and so are also used to purify fresh water. Many brands of bottled water, for example, are fresh water that has been treated by either distillation or reverse osmosis. 

Figure 11.6 Fresh to brackish waters Fe-reducing aerobic bacteria convert amorphous Fe(III) into Fe(II), releasing Fe-associated PO43-. (Modified from Roden and Edmonds, 1997.)...

Chemical analyses from gas wells, especially those from higher-temperature reservoirs, may not represent the true chemical composition of formation waters from the production zone because of dilution by condensed water vapor produced with natural gas. Water vapor condenses because of the drop in temperature and pressure as the gases expand on entering the well. This problem is not generally recognized and is probably responsible for many of the reports of fresh or brackish water in petroleum reservoirs (Kharaka et al., 1985). 

Water it is necessary to use large volume water samplers which would selectively remove anionic, cationic, non-ionic and particulate radionuclides in-situ from about 10 -10 1 of fresh or brackish waters at flow rate of 50 l/min. 

In 1996, the open pit was decommissioned by flooding it with seawater from the adjacent Inlet. This created a 528-acre (214-hectare) lake, which stabilized the pit walls and provided an effective receptacle for the moderate amount of acid drainage from the waste rock. The acid drainage is diluted by the large volume of the lake, and heavy metals are precipitated to the bottom by the action of sulfate-reducing bacteria. Precipitation and surface drainage have formed a cap of fresh to brackish water on the surface of the lake. 

These bacteria are anaerobic. They may survive but not actively grow when exposed to aerobic conditions. They occur in most natural waters including fresh, brackish, and sea water. Most soils and sediments contain sulfate reducers. Sulfate or sulfite must be present for active growth. The bacteria may tolerate temperatures as high as about 176°F (80°C) and a pH from about 5 to 9. 

For structures in brackish water, harbor water and fresh water, the conditions in each case should be considered and addressed on the basis of experience gained from other installations. Since harbor installations are usually very accessible, the cathodic protection installation can be extended if necessary. 

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