From flower tissue

C. Water-Soluble Carotenoids from Flower Tissues... 

C. WATER-SOLUBLE CAROTENOIDS FROM FLOWER TISSUES... 

The same compound, linalol, is the parent substance of oil of lavender. The study of the progressive development of this oil in the plant tissues was carried out on three samples which were distilPd at intervals of a fortnight, the first from flowers in the budding stage, the second from the fully flowering plants, and the third from the plants with the flowers faded. The essential oils thus obtained had the following characters — ... 

Chemicals with allelopathic potential are present in virtually all plant tissues, including leaves, stems, roots, rhizomes, flowers, fruits, and seeds. Whether these compounds are released from the plant to the environment in quantities sufficient to elicit a response, remains the critical question in field studies of allelopathy. Allelochemics may be released from plant tissues in a variety of ways, including volatilization, root exudation, leaching, and decomposition of the plant residues. 

About 120 chemical constituents have been identified in chamomile as secondary metabolites, including 28 terpenoids, 36 flavonoids and 52 additional compounds [4]. A substantial part of drag effects are determined by the essential oil content. Oil is collected from flower heads, either by steam distillation or solvent extraction, for yields of 0.24-1.90% of fresh or dry plant tissue. Among the essential oil constituents the most active are /-/-a-bisabolol and chamazulene. /-/-a-bisabolol has demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, antimicrobial, antiulcer, sedative and CNS activity. Chamazulene is also anti-inflammatory. Topical applications of chamomile preparation have shown benefit in the treatment of eczema, dermatitis and ulceration [5]. 

Phrenosin, N-[I-[( i-D-Galactopyra nosyloxy)meth -ylJ-2-hydroxy-3-heptadeceny l]-2-hydroxytet racosanamide Cerebroo. C H jNO mol wt 828.23. C 69.60%, H 11.32%, N 1.69%, O 17.39%, Cerebroside easily separated from a commercially available beef spinal cord lipid concentrate or from nerve tissue. A large proportion of its fatty acid content (23%) is 2-hydroxystearic acid, the rest is cere-bronic (2-hydroxylignoceric) acid. Isoln Radio er of.. J. Biot. Chem. 219, 977 (1936) Skipski el al. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 82,487 (1939). Synthesis Shapiro, Flowers, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 83, 3327 (1961). 

Animals live in a world of chemical communication and receive both olfactory and visual cues that indicate appropriate host plants. When the animal has located the flower against the generally green background, it may be attracted to the nectar by nectar guides on the petals. These are derived from differential distribution of pigments within the flower tissue. The biochemistry of plant pollination mechanisms has not been studied extensively. 

The amounts of mono- or diglycerides in plants, fruits, flowers, tissues, fungi, bacteria, etc. are very low, and it is not economically feasible to extract them from any of these sources. 

Compared to many other biosynthetic pathways, little is known about the properties of the enzymes responsible for carotenogenesis or about the regulation of their synthesis and activity. The slow progress in this area, despite the concerted efforts of several groups, stems largely from the inherent instability of the membrane-bound proteins in vitro, their very low abundance in plant cells, and the technical difficulties associated with assays of enzyme activities (see Ref. 66). The most extensively studied systems from plant tissues are from the plastids of tomato and Capsicum fruits and the flowers of Narcissus,... 

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