Static Voltmeter

Static Voltmeter These instruments are calibrated to indicate the potential (V) on an ungrounded conductor and usually have more than one calibrated meter/surface spacing. They can be used, for example, to indicate the potential on ungrounded persons or equipment. A meter that indicates in volts or kilovolts is not an electric field meter. 

FIGURE 8.8 Static voltmeter. The meter scale is calibrated at. 5 and 4 inches away from the test surface. 

Potentiometry is a technique traditionally employed for the quantification of ions in a liquid solution. It is a static electroanalytical method, that is, there is no current flow inside the measurement cell (f = 0). The measurement cell is constituted by two electrodes which are immersed in the solution containing the analytes. A voltmeter measures the potential difference between the two electrodes, which is a fimction of the concentration (actually, the activity) of the analytes, as described by the well-known Nerst s equation (Kissinger and Heineman, 1996). 

Locating the Source of Static Interference The path of current flow in the earth can be tracked to its source by measuring the currents in the earth, using two identical portable reference electrodes and a high-resistance voltmeter. By measuring the potential difference between the two electrodes spaced about 8 m (25 ft) apart, the direction of current flow can be determined and its path traced. 

We consider again a flat plate capacitor connected with a current meter and a voltmeter to measure (static or time dependent) electric currents (I/Ampere) and potential differences (UA olt), Fig. 6.8. The capacitor is assumed to be filled with homogenously distributed sorbent material and a sorptive gas, cp. Fig. 6.1, leading to a sorbate phase within the sorbent. Due to the electromotive force (U) applied to the capacitor an electric field is created within the material system which is described by its field strength (E) given by... 

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