Frog virus

Gut J, Schmitt S, Bingen A, Anton M, Kirn A (1984) Probable role of endogenous endotoxins in hepatocytolysis during murine hepatitis caused by frog virus 3. J Infect Dis 149 621-629... 

Figure 5.12. CpG/GpC ratios for viral genomes, plotted against genomie GC levels (filled eireles). Numbers refer to genomes listed in Table 1 of the original paper. Except for frog virus 3 (point 60), all viruses were from warm-blooded vertebrates. The dashed-and-dotted line and the open symbols correspond to a similar plot (Bernardi et al., 1985b) obtained for vertebrate genes or exons. (From Bernardi and Bernardi, 1986a).

Ranavirus (frog viruses). Lymphocystivirus (lymphocystis viruses of fish). 

Goorha, R., and Granoff, A., 1974, Macromolecular synthesis in cells infected by frog virus 3.1. Virus-specific protein synthesis and its regulation. Virology 60 237. 

The viral products most commonly implicated in shut-off in many virus-cell systems have been structural components of the virus particles. Structural components of adenovirus (Pereira, 1960), frog virus-3 (Maes and Granoff, 1967), vesicular stomatitis virus (Baxt and Bablanian, 1976), herpesvirus type 1 (Fenwick and Walker, 1978), and vaccinia virus (Moss, 1968) have been implicated as the agents responsible for inhibition of host protein synthesis. 

Comparable results were obtained when macromolecular synthesis in HeLa cells was inhibited by infection with the DNA-containing frog virus 3 (Koch, unpublished) the competence of cells for viral RNA was reversibly affected by infection with frog virus 3 whereas the competence for RF-RNA was not restored within 120 minutes of incubation at 37° C. Cellular competence for infection by viral RNA and RF-RNA is enhanced by various polycations, by DMSO and by VP4 in differing degrees. Thus, cellular competence for RF-RNA is maximal when the cells are sensitized by DEAE-dextran alone (Koch and Bishop, 1968), and cannot be further stimulated by poly-L-omithine or DMSO (Koch, unpublished). However, cellular competence for infection by viral RNA is 5 to 10 times higher when cells are exposed to DEAE-dextran and DMSO or DEAE-dextran and poly-L-ornithine than to DEAE-dextran alone (Koch, 1971b, and unpublished). 

Conjugated proteins may contain more than two principal components for example, some viruses consist of protein, nucleic acids, lipids and/or carbohydrates. As examples, the bacteriophages PM2 and S, and frog virus 3 are listed in Table 12. The v -values of these complex conjugated proteins may be outside the range outlined in Fig. 4 which is valid for simple conjugated proteins composed of two principal components. But again, Eq. (39) may be applied for the calculation of v-values of these complex structures, provided the composition is known. 

The first virus linked to tumor production was discovered in 1908 by Ellerman and Bang. Their finding was followed in 1911 by the better known discovery by Peyton Rous of a virus that produces sarcomas in chickens (now known as Rous sarcoma virus, or RSV). Later (1932) Shope showed that a papilloma virus produced cutaneous tumors in rabbits, and Lucke (1934) showed that adenoviruses produced renal adenocarcinoma in the frog. These and other discoveries made in the 1940s and 1950s indicated that exposure to certain viruses could result in tumor production. However, viral oncogenes had not yet been identified, and skeptics... 

Orientational constraints have been collected for a wide variety of molecular systems from synthetic polymers [32, 33] to structural proteins, such as silk [34, 35]. Orientational constraints have also been collected for retinal bound to bacteriorhodopsin [36], suggesting a host of ligand receptor systems that might be studied. Orientational constraints have been collected on other synthetic and biosynthetic polypeptides in bilayer environments, such as Magainin-2, a toxin from frog skin [37], the M2 8 from the acetylcholine receptor [38] and M2-TMP from Influenza A virus [39]. Such studies have led to a description of the orientation of a-helices relative to the bilayer. Proteins such as the fd and Pfl bacteriophage coat proteins have also been... 

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