Freshwater, arsenic

Figure 1. Structures of some freshwater arsenic compounds...

Mason RP, Laporte J, Andres S. 2000. Factors controlling the bioaccumulation of mercury, methyhnercury, arsenic, selenium, and cadmium by freshwater invertebrates and fish. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 38 283-297. 

Schmitt CJ, Brumbaugh WG. 1990. National contaminant biomonitoring program concentration of arsenic, cadmium, cooper, lead, mercury, selenium, and zinc in U.S. freshwater fish, 1976-1984. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 19 731-747. 

Bebbington, G.N., N.J. Mackay, R. Chvojka, R.J. Williams, A. Dunn, and E.H. Auty. 1977. Heavy metals, selenium and arsenic in nine species of Australian commercial fish. Austral. Jour. Mar. Freshwater Res. 28 277-286. 

May, T.W. and G.L. McKinney. 1981. Cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic, and selenium concentrations in freshwater fish, 1976-77 — National Pesticide Monitoring Program. Pestic. Monit. Jour. 15 14-38. 

May, T.W. and G.L. McKinney. 1981. Cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic, and selenium concentrations in freshwater fish, 1976-77 — National Pesticide Monitoring Program. Pestic. Monitor. Jour. 15 14-38. McDonald, L.J. 1986. Suspected lead poisoning in an Amazon parrot. Canad. Vet. Jour. 27 131-134. McLean, R.O. and A.K. Jones. 1975. Studies of tolerance to heavy metals in the flora of the rivers Ystwyth and Clarach, Wales. Freshwater Biol. 5 431 -444. 

Marine algae transform arsenate into nonvolatile methylated arsenic compounds such as methanearsonic and dimethylarsinic acids (Tamaki and Frankenberger 1992). Freshwater algae and macrophytes, like marine algae, synthesize lipid-soluble arsenic compounds and do not produce volatile methylarsines. Terrestrial plants preferentially accumulate arsenate over arsenite by a factor of about 4. Phosphate inhibits arsenate uptake by plants, but not the reverse. The mode of toxicity of arsenate in plants is to partially block protein synthesis and interfere with protein phosphorylation — a process that is prevented by phosphate (Tamaki and Frankenberger 1992). 

FRESHWATER PLANTS Aquatic Plants Arsenic-treated areas (20-1450) DW 2... 

Freshwater biota tissue residues Diminished growth and survival reported in immature bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus) when total arsenic residues in muscle are >1.3 mg/kg fresh weight (FW) or >5 mg/kg in adults (NRCC 1978)... 

Freeman, M.C. 1985. The reduction of arsenate to arsenite by an Anabaena bacteria assemblage isolated from the Waikato River. N.Z. Jour. Mar. Freshwater Res. 19 277-282. 

Maeda, S., S. Nakashima, T. Takeshita, and S. Higashi. 1985. Bioaccumulation of arsenic by freshwater algae and the application to the removal of inorganic arsenic from an aqueous phase, n. By Chlorella vulgaris isolated from arsenic-polluted environment. Separation Sci. Technol. 20 153-161. 

Sorensen, E.M.B. 1987. The effects of arsenic on freshwater teleosts. Rev. Environ. Toxicol. 3 1-53. 

Glover, J.W. 1979. Concentrations of arsenic, selenium and ten heavy metals in school shark, Galeorhinus australis (Macleay), and gummy shark, Mustelus antarcticus Gunt, in south-eastern Australian waters. Austral. Jour. Mar. Freshwater Res. 30 505-510. 

Lunde, G. 1970. Analysis of arsenic and selenium in marine raw materials. Jour. Sci. FoodAgric. 21 242-247. Luten, J.B., A. Ruiter, T.M. Ritskes, A.B. Rauchbaar, and G. Riekwel-Booy. 1980. Mercury and selenium in marine and freshwater fish. Jour. Food Sci. 45 416-419. 

In studies of the concentrations of arsenic, bromine, chromium, copper, mercury, lead and zinc in south-eastern Lake Michigan, it was shown that these elements concentrated near the sediment water interface of the fine-grained sediments. The concentration of these elements was related to the amount of organic carbon present in the sediments (161). However, it was not possible to correlate the concentration of boron, berylium, copper, lanthanum, nickel, scandium and vanadium with organic carbon levels. The difficulty in predicting the behaviour of cations in freshwater is exemplified in this study for there is no apparent reason immediately obvious why chromium and copper on the one hand and cobalt and nickel on the other exhibit such variations. However, it must be presumed that lanthanium might typify the behaviour of the trivalent actinides and tetravalent plutonium. 

For the determination of organotin compounds (tributyltin, triphenyltin, triethyltin, and tetra-ethyltin) a MAE is proposed before the normal phase (NP) HPLC/UV analysis [35], In organotin and arsenic speciation studies, hydride generation is the most popular derivatization method, combined with atomic absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy or ICP techniques [25,36], Both atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)-MS and electrospray ionization ESI-MS are employed in the determination of butyltin, phenyltin, triphenyltin, and tributyltin in waters and sediments [37], A micro LC/ESI-ion trap MS method has been recently chosen as the official EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) method (8323) [38] it permits the determination of mono-, di-, and tri- butyltin, and mono-, di-, and tri-phenyltin at concentration levels of a subnanogram per liter and has been successfully applied in the analysis of freshwaters and fish [39], Tributyltin in waters has been also quantified through an automated sensitive SPME LC/ESI-MS method [40],... 

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