Frequency of monitoring

Monitor blood pressure every 15 min for the first 2 h, every 30 min for the next 6 h, and then every hour until 24 h after treatment. Increase frequency of monitoring if systolic blood pressure >180 mmHg or diastolic >105 mmHg... 

To monitor for the effectiveness of the HCT, monitor for symptoms and signs of the disease that is being treated by HCT. For example, the monitoring plan for a patient with CML would be to monitor disease response by PCR of the BCR-ABL transcript. The actual clinical outcome monitored, along with the frequency of monitoring, is based on the underlying disease. 

Monitor the patient for resolution of hematuria after each successive therapeutic intervention. Frequency of monitoring is based on the severity of hemorrhaging. Monitor urinary output and serum chemistries (including sodium, potassium, chloride, blood urea nitrogen, and serum creatinine) daily for renal dysfunction. Check the CBC at least daily to monitor hemoglobin and platelet count. 

TABLE 97-8. Suggested Frequency of Monitoring Parameters in Hospitalized Patients Receiving Parenteral Nutrition... 

The patient should be observed carefully for potential side effects of drug therapy. The specific side effects to be monitored and the method and frequency of monitoring should be documented. 

The pharmacokinetics of a drug can also determine the frequency of monitoring. Many believe that TDM requires frequent blood drawings, primarily based on the experience with lithium. However, this drug is relatively unique in that its levels are determined by multiple independent factors. Thus, the plasma level of lithium is not solely a function of the dose and of renal status, but also of fluid and salt intake and output, which can vary independent of dose. 

Table I summarizes the values of the AL and the PEL listed by OSHA for the five chemicals previously mentioned. In each standard, the scheme is essentially the same as described, although the required frequency of monitoring varies. Significantly, all of these chemicals are chronic-exposure hazards and decisions are based upon PELs which are 8-hr TWA values. It is implied...

Identify the parameters to be monitored and the frequency of monitoring required (to follow response to treatment and detect side-effects). 

The concentrations of arsenic are usually, but not always, stable, Where concentrations are likely to be stable (i.e. deep groundwater), monitoring would normally only need to take place infrequently. Where water supplies for populations are subject to treatment to remove arsenic, samples are normally best taken at the treatment works, where the frequency of monitoring should be sufficient to ensure that the process is effective,... 

In general, study sites should be visited by a monitor at least every four to six weeks. The frequency of monitoring visits will be defined for each individual study and will depend on details such as the study phase, treatment interval and overall duration, enrolment rate, complexity of the study methodology, occurrence of adverse events (AEs) or other significant events, and the nature of the... 

The frequency of monitoring visits should be agreed to between the CRO and the sponsor. However, a pre- and post-study visit as well as a... 

Patients receiving cytotoxic drug treatment should be evaluated for drug-related toxicities every week during the initial treatment period. After 1 month of treatment, the frequency of monitoring may be reduced. When the patient is on long-term steroid treatment, monthly visits are often required for assessment of both efficacy and toxicities. If a favorable response is obtained after a course of treatment, the patient may be evaluated every 3 to 4 months. The patient s renal function, proteinuria, urinalysis, blood pressure, lipid profile. 

The frequency of monitoring also needs to be adequate, especially to support trend assessment. The identification of trends will require the application of statistical methods and their data requirements will inform the frequency of monitoring. However, there are additional factors that will need to be considered, particularly those relating to the behaviour of groundwater systems and pollutants. The minimum frequency dictated by the WFD is once per year but it is widely acknowledged that this will be too low in many hydrogeological situations. The conceptual model, once again, has a very important role to play. 

The frequency of monitoring ranges between one and four times per year, depending on the aquifer type and behaviour, and its susceptibility to pollution pressures. Because sampling frequency is low, sampling takes place at the same time each year as far as possible to allow comparability of results between years. 

The basic requirements for surveillance and operational monitoring network design are specified in the Ordinance on Water Quality Monitoring. They cover all main aspects of the monitoring cycle, i.e. the establishment of sites, the consideration of the conceptual model, parameter selection, duration and frequency of monitoring, methods for sampling and analyses, quality assurance, data management and publication of results. 

Blood glucose should be monitored hourly at the bedside until less than 1.5 mmol/l. Thereafter checks may continue 2-hourly. The plasma glucose should be confirmed in the laboratory every 2-4 hours. The frequency of monitoring of blood gases depends on the severity of DKA. In severe cases it should be performed 2-hourly at least for the first 4 hours. The serum potassium level should be checked every 2 hours for the first 6 hours, while urea and electrolytes should be measured at4-hourly intervals (Fig. 3). 

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