French research groups

Amouyel P, Vidal O, Launay JM, La-pianche JL. The apolipoprotein E alleles as major susceptibility factors for Creutz-feldt-Jakob disease. The French Research Group on Epidemiology of Human Spongiform Encephalopathies. Lancet 1994 344[8933] 1315—1318. 

Similar observations with tetrazolo[l,5- ]pyridines bearing a phenylurea side chain have independently been reported by a French research group <1996JHC1035>. 

Another synthetic reaction for 126 has been reported by a French research group [30], starting from D-glucose, but a detail of the reaction has not been described. 

The synthesis of homochiral (+)- and (-)-calystegines B2 was also addressed by two French research groups. Depezay and co-workers [74,75] utilized 6-deoxy-6-vinyl-D-glucopyranose 317, readily accessible from a-D-methylglucoside, as the key reaction intermediate (Scheme 53). 

The authors would like to gratefully thank Isabelle Monnet (GANIL) and Lionel Thome (CSNSM) for their great help during the irradiation experiments. This work was partly supported by the French research group MATINEX. 

The behavior of zeolite Q (synthetic mazzite) was intensely studied by French research groups [137-141]. McQueen et al. [137] foimd large differences in the size and voliune of mesopores depending on the aliunimun content of the parent zeolite. Mesopores of 10 nm in diameter with a total mesopore volume of 0.05-0.06 ml/g were found in the dealuminated variety of the aluminum-rich parent material, while dealumination of the aluminum-poor parent zeolite yielded, at about the same final aluminum content corresponding to a Si/Al ratio of about 22, mesopores with diameters of 6-8 nm representing a volume of 0.03-0.04 ml/g. 

Bis(i7-cyclopentadienyl)dicarbonylzirconium (2) was the first fully characterized zirconium carbonyl complex to appear in the scientific literature. In 1976 this complex was reported simultaneously and independently by American (6), French (7), and Italian (8) research groups. Previous to this, many of the methods which proved successful for the preparation of Cp2Ti(CO)2 (1) failed for the formation of Cp2Zr(CO)2 (2) (5,26,38). 

The stretched exponential function, A = Ao exp(—tfxf, has been applied to the fluorescence of unstained tissue [82-84], In particular, researchers at Paul French s group at Imperial college [82], show that the use of the stretched exponential, the parameters of mean, and the heterogeneity parameter (the inverse of the degree of stretch, ft) gives better tissue contrast and better fit than the mono- or multiexponential models. 

Earlier, [3+ 2]-cycloaddition reactions of nitronates have been described in terms of the FMO theory. For example, French researchers studied reactions of olefins containing EWG groups with nitronates by the FMO—INDO method (248, 338b, 419). Recently, more modem methods have been used for calculations of FMO and the potential energy surfaces for several analogous reactions (87, 399,... 

Certain steps of Woodward s synthesis of reserpine have been modified by French (235, 236) and Czech (237-243) research groups. Deserpidine (110) has also been synthesized by the use of key building block 462 (240-242). Some approaches aiming toward the preparation of similar ring-E products have appeared (244-249) however, no alkaloid total synthesis was reported during the two decades following Woodward s work. 

This chapter is an update (2003 to present) of the main applications of Bi(III) Lewis acids in organic synthesis developed and, in some cases, co-developed, by French and Portuguese research groups. Thus, in this chapter, the preparation of Bi(III) catalysts and their application to chemical transformations ranging from electrophilic addition to cyclization reactions, will be reviewed. The development of new environmentally friendly chemical processes, using Bi(III) reagents and catalysts, with direct application to steroid chemistry and related compounds will also be considered. 

A group of French researchers from the University of Lille and the French Petroleum Institut (IFP) rationalized the location and the number of Mo, Co, and S atoms by modeling (23). This allowed them to find a very... 

The progress of the research has benefitted very much through discussions with the research group of Prof. Dr. J. C. Chottard (Paris), which were made possible through support of the French-Dutch Cultural Agreement. 

Soon after the end of World War II, a small plant was established in the Tyrol, then part of the French occupied zone of Austria, in a closed-down brewery of the Austrian Brewing Corporation the Biochemie Kundl GmbH. Research in this establishment was entrusted to Richard Brunner (later professor at the Vienna University of Technology), who had witnessed the first experiments of a German research group under K. Bernhauer in Prague to produce penicillins during World War II. 

The photochemical transformations of anomeric diazides, 1-methoxy azides, and cyano azides were studied by French and Japanese research groups. A nitrene proved to be the key intermediate. Its stability is dependent on stereochemical and structural features of the molecule, and in particular the anomeric configuration exerts an important influence. Thus for the 1-methoxy azides 323a and 323p it was shown that both migration of the methoxy group as well as the Beckmann rearrangement proceed differently for the anomers. 

Van t Hoff s theory offered an explanation for many hitherto mysterious cases of "absolute isomerism," including that of the two acids from wine tartar and the two lactic acids. The theory also validated and made sense of Pasteur s work of 1848 and his speculative notions of 1860. The first publication of the theory was in a self-published twelve-page Dutch pamphlet, dated 5 September 1874 and printed immediately thereafter a French translation of the pamphlet appeared almost simultaneously in a relatively obscure Dutch journal. Two months later (5 November 1874), van t Hoff s former labmate in Wurtz s research group, LeBel, published a substantially similar theory in the Bulletin de la Societe Chimique. There has never been any evidence that either man knew of the other s work in advance of his own publication. Since van t Hoff had published his theory so obscurely, it was in LeBeTs paper that most chemists first read of these ideas. But because LeBeTs... 

International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Provides information about ISO standards, publications, and meetings, (in English and French) http / / www.iso.ch/welcome.html International Organization for Standardization ISO 9000 Guidelines and Tips This in-depth site, from Canada s Praxiom Research Group Ltd., translates the complex ISO 9000 quality system standards into plain English, http //www.connect.ab.ca/ praxiom/ Iron and Steel Society (ISS) http / / www.issource.oi / JLI-Boston Executive Search Exceptional plastics in-... 

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