Freezing 1-6 INDEX

Compound CAS Registry Number Stmcture number Mol wt Freezing point, °C Boiling point, °C Density, Index of refraction. Water solubility at 20°C, g/100 ml. 20°C, in C water Water azeotrope Bp °C Water, % ... 

In water Water in Water a2eotrope, wt %/°C Boiling range, °C Vapor pressure at 25°C, kPa Specific gravity at 20°C Refractive index at 20°C Freezing point, °C... 

MSA content, % appearance color, APHA freezing point, °C boiling point, °C refractive index, at 25°C density, at 25°C, g/cm ... 

Esteis aie often chaiacteiized by theic physical piopeities. These include boiling point, freezing point, melting point, density, refractive index, residue or ash... 

With liquids, the refractive index at a specified temperature and wavelength is a sensitive test of purity. Note however that this is sensitive to dissolved gases such as O2, N2 or CO2. Under favourable conditions, freezing curve studies are sensitive to impurity levels of as little as 0.(X)1 moles per cent. Analogous fusion curves or heat capacity measurements can be up to ten times as sensitive as this. With these exceptions, most of the above methods are rather insensitive, especially if the impurities and the substances in which they occur are chemically similar. In some cases, even an impurity comprising many parts per million of a sample may escape detection. 

The flow process in an injection mould is complicated by the fact that the mould cavity walls are below the freezing point of the polymer melt. In these circumstances the technologist is generally more concerned with the ability to fill the cavity rather than with the magnitude of the melt viscosity. In one analysis made of the injection moulding situation, Barrie showed that it was possible to calculate a mouldability index (p.) for a melt which was a function of the flow parameters K and the thermal diffusivity and the relevant processing temperatures (melt temperature and mould temperature) but which was independent of the geometry of the cavity and the flow pattern within the cavity. 

Other frequent causes were poor design or use of drains and vents (see index) and freezing of water (see Section 9.1.1). 

No. Refrigerant Chemical Formula Molecular Mass Boiling Pt. (NBP) at 14.693 psia, °F Freezing Point, op Critical Temperature, op Critical Pressme, psia Critical Voliune, ftVlb Refractive Index of Liquid S ... 

The analysis of the contribution made by increased pharmaceutical spending to the growth in the per capita intensity of health resources suffers from major measurement problems that deprive available indicators of any value. Traditional pharmaceutical price indexes (such as the Laspeyres index, used to calculate the pharmaceutical component of the consumer price index) provide little relevant information in a market in which the introduction of therapeutic innovations is of prime importance the indexes show an apparent freeze, and sometimes even a steep drop (as in the Spanish case). However, the steady rise in the average price per prescription paints a very different picture. 

Because the hazards in low temperature range are increased due to mechanical problems and freezing if water is present, the temperatures below 0°C are also included to the index. When there are many temperature levels present in the process area under study, the highest temperature subindex value is applied. 

The determination of the molecular weight of nanoparticles is performed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The experimental setup consists of a high performance liquid chromatography system with a size exclusion column and a refractive index detector. The nanoparticles are usually freeze-dried and dissolved in tetrahydrofuran for analysis on the system. Poly(styrene) or poly(methylmethacrylate) standards are used to calibrate the column, to enable the determination of number average molecular weight (Mn), as in... 

In a 3-I. round-bottomed flask fitted with a 3-ft. indented column to which is attached a condenser set for downward distillation are placed 321 g. (3 moles) of methylaniline, 300 g. of formic acid (85-90 per cent), and 1800 cc. of toluene (Note 1). The solution is distilled slowly. As long as the azeotrope containing water is present, the temperature of the vapor is 87-88° when the water has been removed, the temperature rises to 108-110° (Note 2). The distillation is continued until approximately 1500 cc. of toluene has been collected (five to six hours). The residue is then transferred to a modified Claisen flask (Org. Syn. Coll. Vol. 1, 125) and distilled in vacuo, the portion boiling at 114-121° at 8 mm. being collected. This has a freezing point of 13.6-13.7° d i-5S3 I SSS- The yield is 380-393 g. (93-97 per cent of the theoretical amount). This product is satisfactory for the preparation of aldehydes (p. 11). Upon redistillation it boils at 117-121° at 8 mm., 130-132° at 22 mm. The freezing point and refractive index are unchanged. 

A variety of field testers are available for checking the freezing point of the engine coolant. Based on an ASTM study [6], the refractometer tester, which measures refractive index, is the most accurate for checking the freezing point. 

Colorless or yellow oily liquid fumes in air freezes at 2.8°C boils at 140°C with some decomposition bp 85°C at 55 torr density 2.336g/mL at 20°C refractive index 1.601 decomposes in water soluble in hydrochloric acid, chloroform and carbon tetrachloride. 

Colorless liquid commercial grade has a pungent disagreeable odor, in its purest form the odor is sweet and pleasant flammable refractive index 1.6295 density 1.261 g/mL at 20°C boils at 46.3°C freezes at -110.8°C critical temperature 279°C, critical pressure 77.97 atm, critical volume 173 cm3/mol slightly soluble in water, 0.29 g/lOOg at 20°C soluble in alcohol, ether, benzene, chloroform, and oils forms an azeotrope with water (CS2 H2O = 97.2%)... 

Colorless gas strong, pungent odor gas density 2.985 g/L hquid density 1.114 g/mL at 0°C refractive index 1.4538 (at 0°C) vapor pressure 588 torr at 0°C liquefies at 6.8°C freezes at -111.3°C burns with a blue sooty flame reacts... 

Colorless noncombustible liquid chloroform-like odor refractive index 1.4601 density 1.5867g/mL at 20°C boils at 76.8°C freezes at -23°C critical temperature 283.5°C, critical pressure 44.57 atm, critical volume 276 cm /mol practically insoluble in water soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and benzene. 

Colorless liquid highly corrosive refractive index 1.397 at 16.5°C density 1.503 g/L freezes at -42°C boils at 83°C completely miscible with water forms a constant boiling azeotrope with water at 68.8 wt% nitric acid the azeotrope has density 1.41 g/mL and boils at 121°C. 

Pale blue gas (in undiluted form) irritating odor above a concentration of 0.15 ppm, but the odor may be pleasant and refreshing at about 0.05 ppm density of gas 2.144g/L at 0°C liquefies at -111.9°C to a dark blue liquid density of liquid ozone 1.614 g/L at -195.4°C refractive index of liquid 1.2226 freezes at -192.7° C to a bluish-black solid critical temperature -12.05°C critical pressure 54.98 atm critical volume 89cm3/mol sbghtly soluble in water. 

Colorless fuming liquid pungent odor refractive index 1.516 at 14°C density 1.574g/mL at 21°C hods at 76°C freezes at -112°C decomposes in water soluble in benzene, carbon disulfide, ether and chloroform and other halo-genated organic solvents. 

Pale yellow or colorless liquid corrosive refractive index 1.651 at 20°C density 2.42 g/mL at 22°C freezes at 8.5°C boils at 176.4°C decomposes at 176.4°C decomposes in water forming hydrochloric acid and selenious acid soluble in carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, benzene, and toluene. 

Yellowish red oily liquid pungent penetrating odor fumes in air refractive index 1.670 at 20°C density 1.69 g/mL dipole moment 1.60 dielectric constant 4.9 at 22°C freezes at -77°C boils at 137°C reacts with water soluble in ethanol, benzene, ether, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride dissolves sulfur at ambient temperature (67 g/100 g sulfur chloride). 

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