Frameworks synergetics

A further attempt to generate synergetic effects between two active elements inside the HT precursors, was carried out by the insertion of La ions inside the HT framework. The interest in the preparation of La-containing materials is due to the fact that La203 have been claimed as active in N2O decomposition [26]. Furthermore, La-containing... 

It is well known that dealumination by acid treatment produces samples which are almost free of extraframework A1 species (EFAL), while dealumination by steaming leaves all the A1 extracted from the framework in extraframework positions. In the ease of the acid + steaming procedure, a small and controlled amount of highly dispersed EFAL is formed which produces a synergetic effect on the Bronsted acid sites associated to framework A1 enhancing their acid strength [149], In this way, it should be possible to produce highly active... 

The miceUization of binary surfactant solutions is studied by the method of tensiometry at the variation of the fraction of ionic surfactant within the range 0-1.0. The quantitative treatment of the surface tension isotherms within the framework of the phase separation modeP showed that the values of the interaction parameter p in these systems lay within the range (-0.85)-(-. 6). This indicates that in these systems synergetic behaviour occurs, i.e. the mixed aggregates are formed. The surface potential is calculated for all the systems. A decrease in the potential is shown to occur with a decrease in In... 

As it is known through Ref. [157], within the framework of fractal analysis the polymerization kinetics is described by the general Eq. (79). The combination of the relationships (79) and (125) allows to obtain radical polymerization kinetics description within the framework of synergetics [166] ... 

Dj.), obtained within the frameworks of synergetics and fractal arralysis, supposes, that self-organizing stmctrrres are macromolecular coils (or their totalities), but not monomer molecules, the reaction of which is realized within the range of Df= 1.0-1.5 [60]. 

As it is known [71], synergetics studies universal rules of spatial structures self-organization in dynamic systems of different nature. This discipline is based on physical essence of systems adaptation process to external influence by way of structures self-organization and is a universal one for animate and inanimate nature systems. Adaptation is the process of structure reforming, lost stability, with new more stable stracture self-organization. Fractal (multifractal) structures are formed in reformation process, which is impossible to describe correctly within the frameworks of Euclidean geometry [71]. 

Everything said above related to a full extent to polymers synthesis processes of various types - in these processes by self-organization way fractal objects (macromolecular coils, microgels) are formed, for which temperature, synthesis (curing) duration and so on are external influence. The authors of paper [72] studied the indicated factors influence on epoxy polymers curing process within the frameworks of synergetics. 

Burya, A. 1. Naphadzokova, L. Kh. Kozlov, G. V. Description of metal oxides catalytic activity within the frameworks of synergetics. Proceedings of IV-th Ukranian Polish Scientific Conf. "The Polymers of Special Application . Dnepropetrovsk, DSU, 2006, 88. 

Kozlov, G. V, Afaunov, V. V., Novikov, V. U. (1999). The Analysis of Polymers Local Plasticity within the Frameworks of Percolation and Fractal Models, Proceedings of First Interdisciplinary Seminar Fractals and Applied Synergetics, FaPS-99 , Moscow, 18-21 October 129-130. 

As it has been noted in chapter five, the local plasticity zone type defines the fracture type if a craze forms at critical defect tip, then polymer failed quasibrittle and if deformation zone (ZD) or local shear yielding zone ( shear lips ) - then quasiductile [13]. The inelastic deformation mechanism change is considered as brittle-ductile transition [14]. The treatment of the indicated tiarrsition will be considered below within the frameworks of both cluster model and solid body synergetics. 

The authors of the Ref [19] studied the plastic deformation mechanisms for polymers within the temperatures wide range. They showed that for PC and polyphenyleneoxide (PPO) the transition from shear to crazing was observed at testing temperature approach to the glass transition temperature of those polymers. The indicated transition was observed at temperatures 373 393 K for PC (compare with the data of Fig. 9.1) and -413 K for PPO [19]. The authors of Ref [20] considered the transition shear-crazing as nonequilibrium phase transition and obtained its universal criterion within the frameworks of deformable solid body synergetics [21, 22]. 

Thus, the data of Ref [20] analysis within the frameworks of synergetics shows that the order parameter at transition from shear to crazing is as before... 

The fraction of dissipated in impact loading process energy can be estimated within the frameworks of solid body synergetics according to the equation [5] ... 

The authors of Refs. [7, 8] considered the typical amorphous glassy polymer (polycarbonate) structure change within the frameworks of solid body synergetics. 

Hence, the stated above results allow to give the following interpretation of critical temperatures and T of amorphous glassy polymers structure within the frameworks of solid body synergetics. These temperatures correspond to governing parameter (nanocluster contents) cp j critical values, at which reaching one of the main principles of synergetics is realized-sub-ordination principle, when a variables set is controlled by one (or several) variable, which is an order parameter. Let us also note reformations number m = 1 corresponds to structure formation mechanism particle-cluster [4, 5]. 

Formation of floccules is interpreted theoretically within the frameworks of the gelation period concept [137] (the indicated concept is stated in more detail in Chapter 3). The authors of paper [138] explained the formation of floccules within the frameworks of synergetics and fractal analysis in the example of sulfur-containing epoxy polymers (SCE) cured by aromatic diamines (4,4 -diaminodiphenylsulfone (SCE-DADPS) and 4,4 -diaminodiphenylmethane (SCE-DADPM)) and iso-methyltetrahydrophthalic anhydride (SCE-IMTHPhA) [139]. 

Hence, the crosslinked polymers yielding process can be described within the frameworks of synergetics of a deformable body, namely by dissipative structure evolution. The quantitative identification of DS is obtained again within the frameworks of the cluster model [47]. 

We are going to develop a framework for the quantitative description of the dynamics of a wide class of sociological phenomena. The concepts of the theory used belong to the field of synergetics, a new interdisciplinary branch of science. 

In contrast to findings reported in [201], framework alumination of HZSM-5 was claimed to generate very strong acid sites [205,208] by a synergetic effect of Lewis acid sites on Bronsted-type sites. However, since this claim was based only on ammonia TPD results that gave no direct evidence for the chemical nature of acid sites, it may be that the observed high-temperature TPD peak was exclusively associated with typical Lewis acid sites. 

Other two DFT computational frameworks (Becke88-VWN B3-LYP) prescribe synergetics for these principles in combined indices and equalization principles of chemical power and electrophilicity (Putz Mingos, 2013 Putz Putz, 2013b) ... 

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