Formulation effects

Controlled delivery from subcutaneous or intramuscular sites may be achieved by dissolving a lipophilic dmg in an oil phase as discussed above, or encapsulating the drug in liposomes, niosomes or biodegradable microspheres. These techniques are discussed in Chapters 7 and 8. 

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This equation is known as the Br0nsted-Bjerrum equation. Because y% appears in the denominator, it explicitly acknowledges the premise of TST that there is an equilibrium between the reactants and the transition state. Equation (9-27) provides the basis for understanding the direction and magnitude of rate effects arising from changes of reaction medium. This approach will be used to formulate effects of solvent and inert electrolytes in the sections that follow. 

Concheiro A, Vila-Jato JL, Martinez-Pacheco R, Seijo B, Ramos T. In Vitro-In Vivo correlations of eight nitrofurantoin tablet formulations effect of various technological factors. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 1987 13 501—516. 

Chapter 10 provides guidance for formulating effective responses to investigation findings. 

Ixe, W.A., B.A. Narog, T.W. Patapofl) and Y.J. Wang, Intranasal bioavailability of insulin powder formulations effect of permeation enhancer-to-protein ratio. J Pharm Sci, 1991. 80(8) 725-9. 

L. DeLuca et al, Radiative Ignition of Double-Base Propellants. I. Some Formulation Effects , AIAAJoum 14 (7), 940-16 (1976)... 

L. DeLuca et al, Radiative Ignition of Double-Base Propellants I. Some Formulation Effects , AIAAJ 14 (7), 940-6 (1976) CA 85 126780 (1976) [The ign response to arc image radiative heating (5 to lOGcal/sq cm-sec) of several HMX composite propints is shown in Fig 9... 

A thorough understanding of the release performance of a controlled-release system under field conditions is essential, in order to have confidence that measurements of mating disruption (or trap capture) are due to biological effects of pheromone treatments and not formulation effects. 

The techniques described and illustrated above now enable us to predict reliably the influence of the major climatic variables upon the rate of release of All-tetradecenal from controlled release formulations under field conditions. With suitable recalibration, these methods should be applicable to any climatic conditions as well as any chemicals. A complete understanding of the release performance of a given formulation will, for the first time, permit us to interpret the results of a field treatment with the confidence that we are dealing with a biological effect, not a formulation effect. 

Koehler, P.G. and H.A. Moye (1995b). Chlorpyrifos formulation effect on airborne residues following broadcast application for cat flea (siphonaptera pulicidae) control, J. Econ. Entomol, 88, 918-923. 

Lloyd and Taylor (1994) suggested that this semi-empirical formulation effectively gives a decrease in activation energy with increasing temperature. Equation (12) fit to the data in... 

Formulation effects, such as bioavailability differences, can cause ADRs when patients are switched to generic products. For example, significant adverse effects have occurred with anticonvulsants and thyroid preparations. ... 

Itiola OA, Pllpel N. Formulation effects on the mechanical properties of metronidazole tablets. / Pharm Pharmacol 1991 43 145-147. 

Akbari J, Nokhodchi A, Farid D, et al. Development and evaluation of buccoadhesive propranolol hydrochloride tablet formulations effect of fillers. Farmaco 2004 59(2) 155-161. 

Hannula A-M, Marvola M, Aho E. Release of ibuprofen from hard gelatin capsule formulations effect of sodium bicarbonate as a disintegrant. Acta Pharm Penn 1989 98 131—134. 

One very prominent development in DFT has been the coupling of electronic structure calculations (which, when the ground state is concerned, apply to zero temperature) with finite-temperature molecular dynamics simulations. The founding paper in this field was published by Carr and Parrinello in 1985 [13]. Carr and Parrinello formulate effective equations of motion for the electrons to be solved simultaneously with the classical equations of motion for the ions. The forces on the ions are calculated from first principles by use of the Hellman-Feynman theorem. An alternative to the Carr-Parrinello method is to solve the electronic structure self-consistently at every ionic time step. Both methods are referred to as ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) [14]. 

The principal difference between the BS 4172 and the CSMA method lies in the lime of release of ihe test insects and (heir consequent exposure to the spray. The small size of the Pcei-Grady chamber also contributes to a lack of the full expression of formulation effects. It was originally designed (Peet and Grady, 1928) for the evaluation of coarse hand sprays produced by venturi action. 

Stoner, M.R. Dale, D.A. Gualfetti, P.J. Becker, T. Manning, M.C. Carpenter, J.F. Randolph, T.W. Protease autolysis in heavy-duty liquid detergent formulations Effects of thermodynamic stabilizers and protease inhibitors. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 2004, 34, 114—125. 

The design of the study should minimize the variability that is not caused by formulation effects and eliminate bias as far as possible. Test conditions should reduce variability within and between subjects. In general, for a pharmacokinetic bioequivalence study involving a multisource and a comparator product, a two-period, single-dose, cross-over study in healthy volunteers will suffice. However, in certain circumstances, an alternative, well-established and statistically appropriate study design may be adopted. 

Charman, W. N. lipid vehicle and formulation effects on intestinal lymphatic drag transport. In Lymphatic Transport of Drugs (Charman, W. N., Stella, V. L., Eds). CRC Press Boca Raton, EL, 1992, pp. 113-179. 

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