Forms of Natural Gas

Chemical substances with the following Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) 

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Impurities can be removed by formation of a gaseous compound, as in the fire-refining of copper (qv). Sulfur is removed from the molten metal by oxidation with air and evolution of sulfur dioxide. Oxygen is then removed by reduction with C, CO, in the form of natural gas, reformed... 

Of the above-mentioned challenges of oil-sands production, the heavy dependence on natural gas is among the most critical. Table 3.5 shows the specific natural gas demand per barrel of bitumen for mining and extraction, (thermal) in-situ recovery and upgrading operations, as well as for the production of hydrogen. Depending on the recovery process, up to 25% of the energy content of the SCO is used in the form of natural gas. 

Basic oxides such as La203 and mixtures like Li20(5% by weight)-MgO have important potential as catalysts in the oxidative coupling of methane.13 Large reserves of methane are available in the form of natural gas and could serve as feedstock for production of many organic chemicals rather than as a mere fuel, but the CH4 molecule is exasperatingly unreac-tive in most circumstances. With basic metal oxide catalysts at 600-900 °C,... 

Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell. This cell demonstrates the possibilities of using very concentrated phosphoric acid to allow the temperature of the solution to be raised to about 200-205 °C without the need for high-pressure equipment. The higher temperature makes it possible to produce large amounts of free steam for the re-forming of natural gas to the hydrogen upon which most development has been based. 

Methane is an important compound economically. In the form of natural gas, it is... 

The efficiency of the oven is given to be 80 percent. Therefore, to generate this much heat, the oven must consume energy (in the form of natural gas) at a rate of... 

In industry, methane is used to make methanol, halogenated methanes, ethylene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, acetylene, hydrogen cyanide, and methyl chloride. In the form of natural gas, methane is used as a fuel, as a source of carbon black, and as a starting material for the manufacture of synthetic proteins. It is also used in gas-fired utilities and in the home (home heating, gas dryers, and gas cooking). 

Gudmundsson, J. Borrehaug, A. Frozen hydrate for transport of natural gas. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Natural Gas Hydrates, Toulouse, France, June 2-6, Guillon, O., Ed. INP ENGISC, 1996 983-986. Takaoki, T. Iwasaki, T. Katoh, T. Takashi, A. Kiyoshi, H. Use of hydrate pellets for natural gas transportation. I. Advantage of pellet form of natural gas hydrate in sea transportation. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Gas Hydrates, Yokohama, Japan, May 17-20, 2002 406. 

Only the conversion of synthesis gas as described under 3 forms the subject of this review. The chemistry of the catalytic processes is, of course, independent of the way in which the synthesis gas was manufactured besides coal gasification the steam re-forming of natural gas is a well-known route to produce synthesis gas, although with a higher Hj/CO ratio. 

In the late 1960s, the Institute of Gas Technology (IGT) exhibited a Home for Tomorrow said to be powered by reformed natural gas, a new super active form of natural gas. An illustrated four-page color brochure described new types of illumination, portable appliances, flameless wall-panel heaters, total climate control, and electricity generated in the house by means of fuel cells. The super active form of natural gas was simply a hydrogen-rich mixture, similar to the manufactured town gas or coal gas of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Whereas town gas typically had up to 50 percent hydrogen, reformed natural gas would have contained about 80 percent hydrogen, 20 percent C02, and less than 0.5 percent CO. 

Energy usage in 1999 181 petajoules of energy were used in the form of natural gas. No figures are available for other years. 

There are abundant worldwide reserves of methane in the form of natural gas. Recently there is an increased attention in its utilization as an attractive fuel due to its various potential advantages [1]. In various applications production of energy by the combustion of natural gas is a well-established process. However, as a matter of fact methane, the main component of natural gas is almost 20 times more powerful greenhouse gas than that of carbon dioxide and hence exhaust emissions of unbumt methane will have particular environmental concerns. Therefore, in recent years catalytic oxidation of methane has received considerable attention [2]. 

Fossil fuels are practically the sole provider of energy for transportation of goods over the road infrastructure, in the form of natural gas, petrol and diesel. The application of methanol, however, as a replacement fuel in conventional internal combustion engines (ICE) is promising. Only strict economic considerations hold back a large scale introduction of methanol into ICE cars. The use of methanol in cars powered by fuel... 

Mining involves the recovery of solid, liquid, or gas mineral substances from the Earth for direct use or conversion into a useable product. Recovery of energy minerals in the form of natural gas and petroleum has developed into a separate industry with its own technology. That aspect of mining engineering is discussed in Chapter 19, Petroleum Engineering and Refining, in this book. 

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