Formation and growth

Lafarie-Frenot, M.C. and Henaff-Gardin, C., Formation and Growth of 90° Ply Fatigue Cracks in Carbon/Epoxy Laminates , Composites Science and Technology Vol. 40, p. 307-324, 1991... 

Jones R, Tredgold R H, Hoorfar A, Allen R A and Hodge P 1985 Crystal-formation and growth in Langmuir-Blodgett multilayers of azobenzene derivatives—optical and structural studies Thin Solid Films 134 57-66... 

Most investigators have focused their attention on a differential segment of the zone between the feed injection and the crystal melter. Analysis of crystal formation and growth in the recoveiy section has received scant attention. Table 22-4 summarizes the scope of the literature treatment for center-fed columns for both solid-solution and eutectic forming systems. 

A simple model for the formation and growth of an aerosol at ambient conditions involves the formation of a gas product by the appropriate chemical oxidation reactions in the gas phase. This product must have a... 

O Hara and Reid (1973) proposed that the aetivation energy for growth on a smooth surfaee ean be overeome if it is assumed that the formation and growth of surfaee nuelei oeeur (Figure 5.6). 

The reaction engineering model links the penetration theory to a population balance that includes particle formation and growth with the aim of predicting the average particle size. The model was then applied to the precipitation of CaC03 via CO2 absorption into Ca(OH)2aq in a draft tube bubble column and draws insight into the phenomena underlying the crystal size evolution. 

All reactions involving the uniform formation and growth of a film of reaction product (e.g. reaction of metals with high-temperature water, reaction of copper with sulphur dissolved in carbon disulphide). 

Particle Formation, Electron microscopy and optical microscopy are the diagnostic tools most often used to study particle formation and growth in precipitation polymerizations (7 8). However, in typical polymerizations of this type, the particle formation is normally completed in a few seconds or tens of seconds after the start of the reaction (9 ), and the physical processes which are involved are difficult to measure in a real time manner. As a result, the actual particle formation mechanism is open to a variety of interpretations and the results could fit more than one theoretical model. Barrett and Thomas (10) have presented an excellent review of the four physical processes involved in the particle formation oligomer growth in the diluent oligomer precipitation to form particle nuclei capture of oligomers by particle nuclei, and coalescence or agglomeration of primary particles. 

However, since virtually no published data are available on the mechanism of continuous particle formation and growth, particlarly under the influence of mechanical agitation, continuous precipitation polymerization remains a vast engineering wilderness waiting for experimental and theoretical explorations. 

On the other hand, very little is known about the mechanism of continuous precipitation polymerization. In particular, the mechanism of continuous particle formation and growth and the effects of starvation feeding on reaction rate and copolymer composition are areas of particular interest. 

The precipitation polymerization literature is reviewed with particular attention to the influence of particle formation and growth, autoaccelerating polymerization rates, and copolymer composition drift on polymer reactor design. 

Budevski E, Staikov G, Lorenz WJ (1996) Electrochemical phase formation and growth. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim... 

Although we have covered mechanisms relating to solid state reactions, the formation and growth of nuclei and the rate of their growth in both heterogeneous and homogeneous solids, and the diffusion processes thereby associated, there exist still other processes zifter the particles have formed. These include sequences in particle growth, once the particles have formed. Such sequences include ... 

Budevski, E., G. Staikov, and W. J. Lorenz, Electrochemical Phase Formation and Growth, Wiley-VCH, Chichester, West Sussex, England. 

The main idea of a lattice model is to assume that atomic or molecular entities constituting the system occupy well-defined lattice sites in space. This method is sometimes employed in simulations with the grand canonical ensemble for the simulation of surface electrochemical proceses. The Hamiltonians H of the lattice gas for one and two adsorbed species from which the ttansition probabilities 11 can be calculated have been discussed by Brown et al. (1999). We discuss in some detail MC lattice model simulations applied to the electrochemical double layer and electrochemical formation and growth two-dimensional phases not addressed in the latter review. MC lattice models have also been applied recently to the study the electrox-idation of CO on metals and alloys (Koper et al., 1999), but for reasons of space we do not discuss this topic here. 

Knowledge concerning the mechanism of hydrates formation is important in designing inhibitor systems for hydrates. The process of formation is believed to occur in two steps. The first step is a nucleation step and the second step is a growth reaction of the nucleus. Experimental results of nucleation are difficult to reproduce. Therefore, it is assumed that stochastic models would be useful in the mechanism of formation. Hydrate nucleation is an intrinsically stochastic process that involves the formation and growth of gas-water clusters to critical-sized, stable hydrate nuclei. The hydrate growth process involves the growth of stable hydrate nuclei as solid hydrates [129]. 

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