Forested soil, profile

Cady, J. G., 1941. Soil analysis significant in forest soils investigations and methods of determination 3-some mineralogical characteristics of podzol and brown podzolic forest soil profiles. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 5 352. 

For a given set of conditions (lithology, climate, slope, etc.), there is presumably an optimum soil thickness that maximizes the rate of bedrock weathering (Fig. 9-3) (Carson and Kirkby, 1972 Stallard, 1985). For less than optimum soil thicknesses, there is insufficient pore volume in the soil to accept all the water supplied by precipitation and downhill flow. Excess water runs off and does not interact with the subsurface soil and bedrock. In contrast, water infiltrates and circulates slowly through thick soils (especially where forested If profile thicknesses greatly... 

Scott, G. A. J. (1975b). Soil profile changes resulting from the conversion of forest to grassland in the montaha of Peru. Great Plains-Rocky Mount. Geogr. J. 4,124-130. 

Boyer JN, Groffman PM (1996) Bioavailability of water extractable organic carbon fractions in forest and agricultural soil profiles. Soil Biol Biochem 28 ... 

In soils of non-agricultural ecosystems, above ground biomass (foliar uptake) and metal cycling is considered important (see Figure 8), due to large impact on the metal distribution in the humus layer and mineral soil profile. Especially in soils of Forest ecosystems, it may affect the accumulation in the humus layer, which is considered a very relevant compartment regarding the calculation of a critical load. In these soils, however, a steady-state element cycle is assumed, which implies that mineralization, Minj, equals litterfall, Mjf. 

HBEF, much of the lead entering the ecosystem from the atmosphere appears to be retained in the forest floor. Concentrations and fluxes of lead in bulk deposition are much greater than in Oa horizon leachate. Solution concentrations and fluxes of Pb decrease through the soil profile and losses in stream water are low. There was a strong correlation between concentrations of Pb and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in soil solution and stream water at Hubbard Brook Driscoll et al., 1994, 1998). 

There are a number of mechanisms of selectivity that are found in the herbicides that are used today. Diuron is used as a residual broad-spectrum herbicide in a number of situations such as plantations and forests. It is, however, phytotoxic to most perennial species and the selectivity shown by the established trees is because the compound does not move within the soil profile to a depth where established tree roots will absorb the compound in sufficiently high concentrations to exert an effect. This is selectivity by placement. 

Figure 14.10. Principal component analysis of Py-FI mass spectra of (a) cold and (b) hot water extracts from the sequence of organic litter layers Oi-Oe-Oa in a beech stand (Fagus sylvat-ica) obtained before (-pre) and after (-post) aerobic incubation. The arrows indicate changes due to progressive decomposition top-down in the litter profile. Reprinted from Landgraf, D., Leinweber, P, and Makeschin, F. (2006). Cold and hot water extractable organic matter as indicators of litter decomposition in forest soils. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 169,76-82, with permission of Wiley-VCH.

In studies on DDT residues in forest soil (16) soil profiles were dug at intervals across the study area, and horizontal samples were then taken from the exposed face of each profile at measured Intervals down from the surface. 

Figure 4.11 Soil profile showing Hebeloma mdicosum (fallen) fruiting out of the deserted latrines (L) near the nest (N) of a mole stick indicates occurrence a little before of another fruit body. The folded scale is 51.5 cm long. Place and date Quercus forest, Hiroshima, Japan, November 11, 2000. Mole species concerned possibly Mogera imaizumii. There is no other way than using this fungus to locate a mole s nest unless radio-tracking techniques are used.

Munch D. 1993. Concentration profiles of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, zinc, vanadium and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in forest soil beside an urban road. Sci T otal Environ 138 47-55. 

Hogberg, P., Hogbom, L., Schinkel, H. et al. (1996). N abundance of surface soils, roots and mycorrhizas in profiles of European forest soils. Oecologia, 108, 207-14. 

Production of roots on top of the mineral soil has been explained as a consequence of the low nutrient availability in Amazon forests (Herrera et al. 1978, Cuevas and Medina 1983, Medina and Cuevas 1989). Vertical root distribution results from differential nutrient availability in the soil profile (Berish 1982, Berish and Ewel 1988). Shallow rooted systems may be a result of litter and soil organic matter production and decomposition rates in systems where nutrient input from litter exceeds that of nutrient release by soil weathering, as is the case of Ca, Mg, and P in terra firme forests (Medina and Cuevas 1989). In the Middle Caqueta region of Colombia, for example, Ca and Mg concentrations in the L and F layers are between 15 and 20 times higher than in the mineral soil (Duivenvoorden and Lips 1995). 

Table 6 - Soil profile beside a sycamore tree (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) in the Haard forest, north of Recklinghausen, Germany.

Plate 20. Soil profile with roots of injured sycamore maple tree (Acer pseudoplanatus L.) from plate 19. Roots could not leave the plant hole but only rooted into deeper soil parts which are not as acidified as the upper soil horizons. Haard Forest, North to Recklinghausen, W. Germany, 1982. 

DOC transport through the soil and its concentration leaving a soil profile depends on abiotic sorption and desorption reactions with mineral surfaces. The tendency for organics to be strongly sorbed to soil particles through a variety of bonds can explain the order of magnitude drop in DOC fluxes in subsurface horizons (Neff and Asner, 2001 Ugolini et aL, 1977). For example, at the Harvard Forest, Massachusetts, Currie et al. 

Novak M., Buzek F., Harrison A. F., Prechova E., Jackova I., and Fottova D. (2003) Similarity between C, N and S stable isotope profiles in european spruce forest soils ... 

Sverdrup et al. (1992) have developed the PROFILE model, which is based on the principle of continuity of alkalinity or ANC in soil. The critical load is defined as the allowable acid loading that will not acidify forest soils and cause the release of aluminum and hydrogen ions to soil solution ... 

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