Measuring interval

Here presented results were acquainted predominantly by one-channel ten-level AE analyser IOC of the AED Laboratory Brno firm. This device is equipped by ten window threshold levels, defined fi-om top and bottom, the tenth level has not limitation fi-om top. Total dynamic range is 40 dB. The analyser enables continuous observation of total number of counts Nc, or number of counts per time unit and similar. Everything may be observed both in lull measured range and in individual levels. Range of measuring interval is SO ms up to 2500 ms. 

The best tj and /i38(f,) a priori values clearly are the values for the observations themselves, while some a priori values must be chosen for the parameters. Examination of the data suggests that /138(0) = 0.35Mcps, /138(oo)=0.22Mcps are probably not unreasonable. Much of the signal decrease takes place over the measurement interval, so taking X = 1/100 s is probably not a bad estimate. 

The differences of the leading Dirac and recoil contribution on the right hand sides in equations (12.9) are proportional to the Rydberg constant plus corrections of order R and higher. Then it is easy to construct a linear combination of these measured intervals which is proportional a R plus higher order terms (as opposed to i leading contributions to the intervals themselves)... 

The method consists of 1) attaching the monitor in the breathing zone for a measured interval of up to eight hours (STEL or ceiling level measurements can be made in fifteen minute intervals), 2) terminating exposure and converting the monitor to an analytical device by interchanging one part,... 

In this method it is possible to det the blow or pressure developed by an expl over a small measurable interval of time and this is a measure of the violence(brisance) it exhibits. The principle on which the determination of the pressure is based depends on the fact that when a chge is fired against the end of a cylindrical steel bar, bal-listically suspended, a wave of compression travels along the bar and is reflected at the far end as a wave of tension. For details of measuring pressure by this method see B.Hopkinson,PhiITrans 213A,437(1914) and Vol 1 of this Encyclopedia, p XVI. Following are results of tests by this method expressed as pressure in tons per inz in 0.5 10 5 sec(with constant pellet interposed) ... 

The quantum defects of the n = 10 states of He are given in Table 18.2. The quantum defects for the s and p states are derived from optical measurements, specifically from the term energies given by Martin.26 The quantum defects of the i = 8 and 9 (10 and 10m) states are calculated using Eq. (18.2), and the quantum defects of the 2 < i 7 states are obtained from the calculated i = 8 quantum defect and the measured intervals reported by Hessels et a/.15 The quantum defects given by Table 18.2 are by no means indicative of the possible precision of the measurements. For example, Hessels etal. have reported measurements of n = 10 intervals which have precisions of parts per million.15... 

To measure the rate of burning, fine wires of some low-melting metal (fuze wire) were threaded thru holes drilled diametrically thru the strand at accurately measured intervals (eg, 1r ). Two or more wires were used. Each wire was attached in series with an electric timer. The strand was mounted in a holder and placed vertically inside a dosed chamber. A given initial pressure was established in the chamber by using high, pressure N2. The initial temp was controlled by means of a constant-temp bath, and ignition of the strand was accomplished by means of a hot wire wrapped around it at one end... 

If hx is constant over the measurement interval, the rate of photolysis of [C] at a single wavelength becomes a first-order kinetic equation by substituting Equation (7) into Equation (1) ... 

The first intense flash is followed by a series of secondary low intensity flashes which enable the identities and concentrations of the species to be found at various times, leading ultimately to rate constants for the reactions. Spectroscopic methods can easily measure intervals of 10-6 s, and lasers can take this down to 10 15 s. 

In studies on DDT residues in forest soil (16) soil profiles were dug at intervals across the study area, and horizontal samples were then taken from the exposed face of each profile at measured Intervals down from the surface. 

The measured hyperfine splittings of 2 3Pi level were in reasonable agreement with the relativistic calculations of [96], and also with non-relativistic calculations corrected for relativistic and QED effects [114,115], The results for the hyperfine corrected 21S o — 23Pl interval in 14N5+ are compared with theory in table 3. QED corrections make up 3.5% of the measured interval. The experiment is hence sensitive to these corrections at the level of 20 ppm, the highest precision for a Lamb shift in any multiply-charged ion. 

The method of symmetric points was used to determine the center of the interference curve. Extensive calculations showed that the line profile should be symmetric about the center frequency. The line center was then corrected for the second order Doppler shift, The Bloch-Siegert and rf Stark shifts, coupling between the rf plates, the residual F=1 hyperfine component, and distortion due to off axis electric fields. A small residual asymmetry in the average quench curve was attributed to a residual variation of the rf electric field across the line and corrected for on the assumption this was the correct explanation. Table 1 shows the measured interval and the corrections for one of the 8 data sets used to determine the final result. 

Describe the use of the two-sample t-test to determine whether there is a real difference in a measured (interval scale) end-point between two sets of observations... 

Fig. 52a-c Triangular voltage variation for a in-field b remanent loops. Grey bars in b represent the measurement interval where the PFM signal is recorded (100 ms in this experiment) c the resulting in-field loops (straight line) and remanent loops (dotted line) are shown. The pulse length for the remanent loop was 750 ms and piezoresponse was measured with 2 V at 90 kHz in both cases... 

During the study period between 6.9 and 7.9% (mean = 7.6 %) of the radioactivity administered were excreted with the bile. The major part thereof was eliminated within the first two hours after injection. The portion of radioactivity excreted with the bile decreased at later measuring intervals. In the last collection interval, i.e. 6-8 h after dosing, an average of 0.09 % of the radioactivity administered was still present in the bile. 

The above formulas may become inapplicable for systems with adsorption processes or/and coupled chemical steps in solution whose characteristic times are comparable with the inverse frequency within the impedance measurement interval. In this case the charge-transfer resistance, Rct, must be replaced by a complex charge-transfer impedance, Zct. Another restriction of this treatment is its assumption of the uniform polarization of the m s interface which requires to ensure a highly symmetrical configuration of the system. Refs. [i] Sluyters-Rehbach M, Sluyters JH (1970) Sine wave methods in the study of electrode processes. In Bard A/ (ed) Electroanalytical chemistry, vol. 4. Marcel Dekker, New York, p 1 [ii] Bard A], Faulkner LR (2001) Electrochemical methods, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York [iii] Retter U, Lohse H (2005) Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. In Scholz F (ed) Electroanalytical methods. Springer, Berlin, pp 149-166 [iv] Bar-soukov E, Macdonald JR (ed) (2005) Impedance spectroscopy. Wiley, Hoboken... 

Fig 4 shows the distribution obtained with the cascade impactors. It can be seen, as in the Fig. 2, that in the 0.1-1 pm size range the mass concentration is higher in Test 2 than in Test 4 although considering the total measurement interval, the size distribution in Test 4 is higher than in Test 2. 

The analytical measurement range (measuring interval, reportable range) is the analyte concentration range over which the measurements are within the declared tolerances for imprecision and bias of the method. In practice, the upper limit is often set by the linearity limit of the instrument response and the lower limit corresponds to the lower limit of quantitation (LoQ—see below). Usually, it is presumed that the specifications of the method apply throughout the analytical measurement range. However, there may... 

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