Forest plots

Schlesinger W. H. and Lichter J. (2001) Limited carbon storage in soil and litter of experimental forest plots under increased atmospheric CO2. Nature 411, 466-469. 

Fig. 5.10 Subgroup analysis in trial M77001 forest plot of adds ratio 95% confidence intervals [66].

In all subgroups analyzed, Herceptin plus docetaxel produced higher response rates compared with docetaxel alone, as indicated in the Forest plot in Fig. 5.10. 

Figure 3. Forest plot of the relative risk of nephrotoxicity (value < 1 favors pharmacokinetic dosing) of the 8 individual randomized controlled trials. The overall relative risk was 0.90 (95% Cl 0.63-1.31).

Details of statistical analyses for potential toxicities that should be explicitly considered for all products and AEs of special interest Aiialyses for these events will in general be more comprehensive than for standard safety parameters. These analyses may include subject-year adjusted rates, Cox proportional hazards analysis of time to first event, and Kaplan-Meier curves. Detailed descriptions of the models would typically be provided. For example, if Cox proportional hazards analysis is specified, a detailed description of the model(s) that will be used should be provided. This would generally include study as a stratification factor, covariates, and model selection techniques. More advanced methods, such as multiple events models or competing risk analyses, should be described if used (as appropriate). It is recommended that graphical methods also be employed, for example, forest plot and risk-over-time plot (Xia et al., 2011). 

A forest plot for subgroup analysis can be useful to illustrate in which patient groups the treatment appears to increase risk (in this example, as measured by the hazard ratio in Figure 11.4). 

In the integrated summary of effectiveness, FDA suggests that graphical presentations may be better than tables. One example would be to present cases with similar controls (placebo, active) in forest plots (Figure 11.4). 

Hazard function and forest plots for subgroups (e.g.. Figure 11.4)... 

Figure 13.3 gives side-by-side forest plots of the results of the two metaanalyses for the placebo-controlled trials for the eight outcomes. For rosiglitazone, the odds ratio estimates were consistently above 1. The 95% confidence interval for myocardial infarction was > 1. For pioglitazone, with... 

At Step 3, data sources for the BRA are identified. Step 4 customizes the framework based on the quality and limitation of the data. BRA requires a comparison of benefits and risks among treatment options, for which Step 5 assesses relative importance or weighting of all benefits and risks. Finally, the last step of the framework displays and interprets the key BR metrics. The BRAT framework advocates graphical presentation of the data and metrics by use of such tools as forest plots for the case study shown in Figure 15.3. 

Cuzick J. Forest plots and the interpretation of subgroups. Lancet, 365 1308, 2005. 

If study participants are at low to moderate cardiovascular risk, it is possible that a small number of cardiovascular events may be reported in a given trial. In this case, the precision of the hazard ratio point estimate for the new drug vs. the comparator may be low, as indicated by large confidence intervals. If the true hazard ratio is close to 1.0, it can be expected that point estimates greater and smaller than 1.0 will be observed among the trials. Therefore, it is recommended that all of the hazard ratios and their associated confidence intervals for each study included in the meta-analysis be displayed in a forest plot, accompanied by an interaction test for a common hazard ratio. 

Eifect of multiple micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy on low birth weight. Random-effects model forest plot shows the effect size (ES) of multiple micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy compared with controls on low birth weight in 12 randomized controlled trials conducted in ten countries using United Nations International Multiple Micronutrient Preparation. 

In this chapter, we compare the composition of trees in 118 permanent 1-ha forest plots established at different localities in the eastern lowland and evaluate differences in the context of... 

FIGURE 9.3 DCA of 118 plots based on species richness of 99 families. The montane Yungas forest plots (amb series) are separated on the first ordinate axis triangles are plots and plus signs are families. Families weighting the first axis are provided in the text plot codes as in Table 9.1. 

Minimal information brevity also extends to the choice of characters covered, such that only those usefiil for identification are included. For forest trees the availability of fertile material is very low (less than 1% of specimens collected from forest plots having flower or fruit, in oiu experience), so descriptions focus on ubiquitous characters such as bark slashes, smells and fallen leaves. Duplication of characters between text and images is also minimised. 

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