Force coupling

A moment/force couple applied to a rotor such as a shaft in order to sustain acceleration/load requirements. A twisting load imparted to shafts as the result of induced loads/speeds. 

The spontaneous emergence of structure is a general feature of depositional growth in both natural and technological processes. Macroscopic driving forces, coupled with... 

The previous models were developed for Brownian particles, i.e. particles that are smaller than about 1 pm. Since most times particles that are industrially codeposited are larger than this, Fransaer developed a model for the codeposition of non-Brownian particles [38, 50], This model is based on a trajectory analysis of particles, including convective mass transport, geometrical interception, and migration under specific forces, coupled to a surface immobilization reaction. The codeposition process was separated in two sub-processes the reduction of metal ions and the concurrent deposition of particles. The rate of metal deposition was obtained from the diffusion... 

With a phenol, naphthol or keto-enol coupling component the mechanism is given by Scheme 4.4, in which blocking of the p-position forces coupling at the o-position. In certain cases involving the use of feebly reactive diazonium salts, loss of the proton from the transition state (4-1) in Scheme 4.4 may be slow but may often be facilitated by the addition of a tertiary base, such as pyridine, to the coupling mixture [7,8]. 

Polymers such as polystyrene, poly(vinyl chloride), and poly(methyl methacrylate) show very poor crystallization tendencies. Loss of structural simplicity (compared to polyethylene) results in a marked decrease in the tendency toward crystallization. Fluorocarbon polymers such as poly(vinyl fluoride), poly(vinylidene fluoride), and polytetrafluoroethylene are exceptions. These polymers show considerable crystallinity since the small size of fluorine does not preclude packing into a crystal lattice. Crystallization is also aided by the high secondary attractive forces. High secondary attractive forces coupled with symmetry account for the presence of significant crystallinity in poly(vinylidene chloride). Symmetry alone without significant polarity, as in polyisobutylene, is insufficient for the development of crystallinity. (The effect of stereoregularity of polymer structure on crystallinity is postponed to Sec. 8-2a.)... 

The Lorentz force coupled with the Ampere law and the Faraday law leads to the balance of electromagnetic momentum2 which involves the (divergence of) electromagnetic (Maxwell) stress. The isotropic limit of this stress is the electromagnetic pressure... 

For a mathematical treatment of synchronization we recall that the phase of an oscillator is neutrally stable and can be adjusted by a small action, whereas the amplitude is stable. This property allows a description of the effect of small forcing/coupling within the framework of the phase approximation. Considering the simplest case of a limit cycle oscillator, driven by a periodic force with frequency u> and amplitude e, we can write the equation for the perturbed phase dynamics in the form... 

The purpose of this chapter is to summarize some recent developments in the physics of lipid bilayers that demonstrate the existence of curvature-elastic stresses in bilayers and to review mechanisms whereby the resultant forces may couple to membrane protein conformations (see also references 1-3 for reviews). A consequence of these forces is that membrane proteins may have mechanistic themes that are qualitatively different from themes operative in aqueous proteins. Moreover, because these forces are directed generally parallel to the membrane surface, the actual conformational motions to which the forces couple may ultimately be simpler to understand than the complex conformations of aqueous proteins. 

For given T, the introduction of Heisenberg-Bartlett or tensor forces separates out states of different spin S. As is known from the deuteron, the state of higher spin lies lower. The degeneracy with respect to is removed by the introduction of forces coupling spin to orbital motion, leading to 25-f 1 states of different / for L > 0. 

The explanation of muscular force in terms of a viscous force couple explains, in a straightforward manner, the development of a higher tension during stretching than during contraction, since the viscous force depends on the relative velocity of the movement of the filaments versus the... 

The machining approach involves measm-ement of forces coupled with scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) observation of surface topography and grinding debris. 

Because strand width is measured across the shear area, it would seem that slit-width accuracy is controlled by the distance between the female cutters, as shown in Fig. 3. Although this is basically true, the force couple and the compressive forces resulting from the knives penetrating the strip tend to distort the Hatness or cross-curvature of the strip. Thus, if the strip is not restrained, the forces can impart a cross-curvature or lateral bow, affecting the flatness and, therefore, its accuracy of width. 

The moment tensor M is defined by a combination of force couples and dipoles as ... 

The first subscript of the force couple represents the direction of the two forces and the second subscript gives the direction of the arm of the couple. For example, the element is a force couple comprising two forces acting in the +x and -x direction on an arm parallel to the y-axis (Fig. 5.18, top row, middle position). The magnitude of M y is called the moment of the force couple. Another example, element M x is a vector dipole consisting of two forces acting in the +x and -x directions, where the arm is parallel to the x-axis (Fig. 5.18, top, left) and hence has no moment. 

It plays a large role in the dynamics of the lumbar spine in its sagittal plane. When this sheath which surrounds it is tensioned by the abdominal muscles, it aligns the multifidus to enable it to resist longitudinal compressive forces. The multifidus is part of a force couple which controls the position of the sacrum as EMG studies show that the multifidus and the biceps femoris muscle contract simultaneously in gait to maintain the sacrum in a stable position. 

Because part of the force couple of the biceps femoris and the multifidus has been weakened, the sacrum is able to rotate posteriorly, as the multifidus can no longer prevent the top fo the sacrum being drawn posteriorly, as it was weakened by stretching (Starling s law). The gluteal mus-... 

If the transfer function H is in accordance with the causality rule, the components R and X are no longer independent of each other. Causality in the meaning of system theory forces couplings between the real and imaginary part, which are known as Kramers-Kronig relations (KKT) or Hilbert relations (HT), for details see Section 3.1.2.9 (The use of Kramers-Kronig Transforms). 

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