For throughput

The tower must be designed for throughput—diameter determined and pressure drop established. 

If the pilot reactor is turbulent and closely approximates piston flow, the larger unit will as well. In isothermal piston flow, reactor performance is determined by the feed composition, feed temperature, and the mean residence time in the reactor. Even when piston flow is a poor approximation, these parameters are rarely, if ever, varied in the scaleup of a tubular reactor. The scaleup factor for throughput is S. To keep t constant, the inventory of mass in the system must also scale as S. When the fluid is incompressible, the volume scales with S. The general case allows the number of tubes, the tube radius, and the tube length to be changed upon scaleup ... 

Fig. 4 Production-type microstructured reactor for throughput at 1,700 kg h and transfer of a power of 100 kW. This apparatus was used for manufacture of a high-value product for plastics industry at DSM in Linz/Austria [17]...

The disturbance must be detected. If we cannot measure it, we cannot use feedforward control. This is one reason why feedforward control for throughput changes is commonly used, whereas feedforward control for feed composition disturbances is only occasionally used. The former requires a flow-measurement device, which is usually available. The tatter requires composition analyzer, which may or may not be available. 

Another indirect parameter is the specific energy consumption, K (29,30), which is the power normalized for throughput Q and expressed as... 

Seven independent, dimension-specific values for filled screws were reduced to just three dimensionless parameters for throughput, pressure, and power (Fig. 2.22). 

Table 4.1 summarizes the potential quantity of a crude mixture that could be processed annually in comparison to column diameter. This assumes a typical column loading of approximately 60 g per kg of stationary phase, which would not be unusual, and 24 h operation. It is important to note that the figures given are for throughput of crude starting material and that yield will depend upon the initial product purity. 

A typical layout of a palm oil mill is shown in Figure 7 where the main stations of the process are also indicated. The equipment selected has to be carried out with care in order to obtain the correct balance for throughput, steam consumption, energy demands, and economics of the supply of stand-by equipment. Standardization of equipment is an important point to consider when selecting machinery on the basis of within mill and between mills when applicable. When a set range and/or make of equipment can be chosen (e.g., valves, gearboxes, electric motors and starts, etc.), considerable benefits can accrue by way of a reduction in the amount of spare parts to be carried. 

The crucial step in the digestion of apatite is the formation of calcium sulfate. Its properties, in particular, its ability to be filtered, are very important e.g. for throughput optimization. The incorporation of phosphate into the crystal lattice of calcium sulfate reduces the phosphate yield and can render the calcium sulfate unusable in the building industry. 

Warner, T.N. Nochumson, S. A work in process membrane-based chromatography is paving the way for throughput biopharmaceutical processing. Mod. Drug Discov. 2003, 6, 45 9. 

Figure 10.17 shows the time of the entire method as a series of bar graphs that give the total time of the method. When determining which steps to optimize for throughput, work first on the steps that may yield the biggest return, that is, those steps that require the most time. As changes are made, the method should be rechecked to verify that the recovery of analyte and the low carryover of analyte between samples has not been jeopardized. 

Enzyme assays in fields other than clinical chemistry generally are not as automated because there is typically not the same demand for throughput there are notable exceptions in facilities that perform an extensive number of tests on animals. 

Micro Instrumentation for Throughput Experimentation and Process Intensification - a Tool for PAT... 

StarLam mixers use the internal numbering-up ( equaling-up ) concept for throughput enhancement, by simply adding more platelets into the stack (Fig. 6.7)... 

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