For smart grids

Lopes, A.J., Lezama, R. Pineda, R. 2011. Model Based Systems Engineering for Smart Grids as Systems of Systems. Procedia Computer Science, 6, 441-450. Manataki, I.E. Zografos, K.G. 2009. A generic system dynamics based tool for airport terming performance analysis. Transportation Research Part C Emerging Technologies, 17, 428-443. 

Menn, J. (2013). Researchers warn of cyber flaws in Honeywell control systems. Retrieved from http //www.reuters.eom/article/2013/02/05/cybersecurity-controls-idUSLlN0B5LG320130205 Metke, A. R., Ekl, R. L. (2010). Security technology for smart grid networks. lEEETransactions on Smart Grid, i(l), 99-107. 

Nampuraja, E. (2011). A unified management system for smart grid. In Proceedings of the IEEE ISGT2011 India, pp. 328-333. 

NIST. (2012). NIST framework and roadmap for smart grid interoperability standards, release 2.0. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology. NIST Special... 

In Europe, the incentive for smart grids is ascribed to three factors market, safety and power quality, and environmental protection. Power plants are under competitive pressure from the market to satisfy their consumers and to increase their customer base. As a result, higher operation efficiency, lower power price, and more interexchange with consumers are becoming the focus of smart grids in Europe. In addition, more emphasis on protection of the environment requires the connection of renewable energies. 

Considering all these different factors, the lithium-ion battery is becoming the dominant choice for smart grids. 

Zaghib K, Mauger A, Julien CM (2014) Energy storage for smart grid applications, bi Franco AA (ed) Rechargeable lithium batteries from fundamentals to applications. Woodhead Publications, Oxford... 

Wind resources are abundant in Europe, in particular in Northern Europe and in mountain areas. The vast offshore wind resources in the Atlantic, the North Sea, and the Baltic Sea are only little exploited. Concerted investments in the necessary transmission grid and adapting the national electricity grids to smart grids will allow for more of this to enter the European market. 

Development of lithium ion batteries proved to be a power factor of technical advance. While at present such batteries form the base for portable electronics, in the near future, one could look forward to wide application of larger devices based on lithium ion batteries, including their application in electric transport and smart grids. However, many researchers at present have already started attempting to predict the further development of batteries that fundamentally differ from lithium ion batteries. One can identify three electrochemical systems against various possible new battery variants (i) lithium-air batteries, (ii) lithium-sulfur batteries, and (iii) sodium ion batteries. 

Economics drives the production of electricity for consumption, and in many ways, the developed world is very much an electrical world. A considerable amount of research and planning has been devoted to tbe concept of the smart grid, in which the grid itselfwould be capable of controlling the distribution... 

Meyers J (2010) Lighming in a bottle storing energy for the smart grid. 

It can be used for energy storage of smart grids, hybrid electric vehicles, and assistance for electric vehicles and range extenders. 

Other publications focus more on specific aspects of SysML or system engineering. Some authors focuse on an aspect of SysML like activity modehng. Rahill and Szidarovszky (2009) compared several methods for model driven design including various aspects of SysML and Lopes et al. (2011) used it for the system engineering of smart grids. 

Galus M.D., Waraich R.A., Noembrini F. 2012. Integrating Power Systems, Transport Systems and Vehicle Technology for Electric Mobility Impact Assessment and Efficient Control. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 3(2) 934-49. 

Societal Implications of the Smart Grid Challenges for Engineering... 

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