For cylinder

This paper deals with the control of weld depth penetration for cylinders in gold-nickel alloy and tantalum. After introducing the experimental set-up and the samples description, the study and the optimization of the testing are presented for single-sided measurements either in a pulse-echo configuration or when the pump and the probe laser beams are shifted (influence of a thermal phenomenon), and for different kind of laser impact (a line or a circular spot). First, the ultrasonic system is used to detect and to size a flat bottom hole in an aluminium plate. Indeed, when the width of the hole is reduced, its shape is nearly similar to the one of a slot. Then, the optimization is accomplished for... 

The discrepancy between the pore area or the core area on the one hand and the BET area on the other is proportionately larger with silica than with alumina, particularly at the higher degrees of compaction. The fact that silica is a softer material than alumina, and the marked reduction In the BET area of the compact as compared with that of the loose material, indicates a considerable distortion of the particles, with consequent departure of the pore shape from the ideal of interstices between spheres. The factor R for cylinders (p. 171), used in the conversion to pore area in the absence of a better alternative, is therefore at best a crude approximation. 

Monel and nickel are the preferred materials of constmction for cylinders and deHvery systems however, copper, brass, steel, and stainless steel can be used at room temperature, providing that these metals are cleaned, dried, and passivated with a fluoride film prior to use. Studies have shown that fluorine passivation of stainless steel and subsequent formation of an iron fluoride layer prior to WF exposure prevents reaction between the WF and the stainless steel surface (23). 

Fig. 5. Internal pressure expansion curves for cylinders of EN25 (16,17) k = T jr. To convert MPa to psi, multiply by 145.

Plots of the bursting pressures of the Ni—Cr—Mo cylinders (EN 25) vs k derived from equations 16 and 17 show that neither equation is in such good agreement with the experimental results as is the curve derived from Manning s theory. Similar conclusions have been reached for cylinders made of other materials which have been tested (16). Manning s analytical procedure may be programmed for computation and, although torsion tests are not as commonly specified as tension tests, they are not difficult or expensive to carry out (20). 

Table 8. Commercial Price and Purity Data for Cylinder Carbon Monoxide ...

The drag coefficients for disks (flat side perpendicular to the direction of motion) and for cylinders (infinite length with axis perpendicular to the direclion of motion) are given in Fig. 6-57 as a Function of Reynolds number. The effect of length-to-diameter ratio for cylinders in the Newton s law region is reported by Knudsen and Katz Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1958). 

External-pressure failure of shells can result from overstress at one extreme or n om elastic instability at the other or at some intermediate loading. The code provides the solution for most shells by using a number of charts. One chart is used for cylinders where the shell diameter-to-thickness ratio and the length-to-diameter ratio are the variables. The rest of the charts depic t curves relating the geometry of cyhnders and spheres to allowable stress by cui ves which are determined from the modulus of elasticity, tangent modulus, and yield strength at temperatures for various materials or classes of materials. The text of this subsection explains how the allowable stress is determined from the charts for cylinders, spheres, and hemispherical, ellipsoidal, torispherical, and conical heads. 

De Bruyne [41] has applied the same principles to other idealised shapes for pores. As would be expected, penetration into a re-entrant ink bottle pore is much less than for cylinders (Fig. 6). The critical importance of contact angle in determining the extent of penetration should be noted. 

The filling factor is in good agreement with estimation from electron microscopy [6]. A filling factor of about 0.6 was obtained in all cases. The filling factor sensitively determines the position of the resonance at 0), which indeed shifts in frequency for different specimens. Moreover it is important to observe that / is already quite large and close to the boundary value for a percolation limit (which is -0.7 for spheres and -0.9 for cylinders). The realisation of such a limit would lead to a low frequency metallic Drude-like component in ai(to) for the composite. At present, this possibility seems to be... 

The black cylinder had contained oxygen. All persons responsible for handling cylinders, particularly persons in charge of air masks, should be familiar with the color codes for cylinders. 

Baum s equation (Vj = O.SSoq ) can be compared with curves in Figure 6.33 as F equals n times the scaled pressure, in which /> = 3 for spheres and n = 2 for cylinders (end caps neglected). For spheres, Baum s equation gives higher velocities than the Baker et al. model (1983), but for cylinders, this equation gives lower velocities. 

For cylinders with horizontal axes, the initial trajectory will be low, typically 5° or 10°. Table 9.10 shows maximum ranges for initial velocities calculated by each method with various low trajectory angles assumed. 

The target efficiencies for cylinders, spheres, and ribbonlike particles are given for conditions of Stokes Law in an infinite fluid by Figure 4-14. 

The body cylinder is usually cast iron with integral internal water jackets for cylinder wall cooling. These water jackets are tested for tightness. 

However, as the Grashof and Prandtl numbers can be different to determine, the following formula, which gives a close approximation, can be used for cylinders freely exposed to air ... 

The rate oi discharge for cylinder pressures greater than 191.1 kN/rrr is given by equation 4.30 ... 

For cylinder piiessures below 191.1 kN/m2, the mass flowrate is given by equation 4.20. Putting k ... 

Ensure that the rated maximum inlet pressure of fee regulator is not less than fee cylinder supply pressure. (For cylinder pressures up to 200 bar, pressure regulators should comply wife BS 5741. For higher cylinder pressures check wife fee manufacturer that the pressure regulator has been shown to be suitable by appropriate testing.)... 

A 4-in schedule 40 pipe has an outside diameter of 4.5 in, a wall thickness of 0.237 in, and an inside diameter of 4.026 in. From Table 12-3 the tensile strength SM for stainless 316 is 85,000 psi. Equation 12-4 for cylinders is used to compute the pressure necessary to rupture this pipe ... 

Similar effects are obtained with non-cylindrical vessels although, in the absence of adequate data, it is best to use the correlations for cylinders, basing the vessel size on its hydraulic mean diameter which is four times the ratio of the cross-sectional area to the wetted perimeter. 

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