Food hardness

CAS 977100-17-6 (defatted), 977050-54-6 (partially defatted cooked) EINECS/ELINCS 269-668-0 Hazardous Decomp. Prods. Heated to decomp., emits acrid smoke and fumes Uses Processing aid, colorant, protein source in foods, hard candy Regulatory FDA 21CFR 172.894 Manuf./Distrib. Degussa AG/Health Nutrition http //WWW. degussa-health-nutrition. de ... 

These cellulose esters form tough, strong, stiff, hard plastics with almost unlimited color possibilities. Articles made from these plastics have a high gloss and are suitable for use in contact with food. 

Health and Safety. The U.S. FDA has affirmed R%- and S(—)-maHc acid as substances that are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) as flavor enhancers, flavoring agents and adjuvants, and as pH control agents at levels ranging from 6.9% for hard candy to 0.7% for miscellaneous food uses (42). R%- and A(—)-maHc acid may not be used in baby foods. MaHc acid is also cleared to correct natural acid deficiencies in juice or wine (43). 

Other Food. Tartaric acid is also used ia the manufacture of gelatin (qv) desserts and ia fmit jellies, especially ia pectin jellies for candies where a low pH is necessary for proper setting. It is used as a starch modifier ia starch jelly candies so that the product flows freely while being cast. It is used ia hard candy because its melting poiat permits it to fuse iato the "glass" and does not contribute to moisture. 

In the late 1800s, when the demand for coated paper for the halftone printing process increased, casein rapidly replaced glue. Casein forms a hard, tough film when dry, and can be waterproofed easily with formaldehyde (qv). The properties of soy protein are similar to those of casein, and soy protein has been substituted for it in many types of coated papers requiring a casein-type binder (see Soybeans and other oilseeds). Casein, a valuable food product, is seldom used as a paper adhesive, in spite of its excellent adhesive properties. 

Cleaners. Phosphoric acid is used ia several acidic hard-surface (tile, porcelain, metal) cleaning and sanitising formulations, as well as an acid cleaner for food processing equipment. 

Sodium alumiaate is used ia the treatment of iadustrial and municipal water suppHes and the use of sodium alumiaate is approved ia the clarification of drinking water. The FDA approves the use of sodium alumiaate ia steam generation systems where the steam contacts food. One early use of sodium alumiaate was ia lime softening processes, where it iacreases the precipitation of ions contributing to hardness and improves suspended soHds removal from the treated water (17). Sodium alumiaate reacts with siHca to leave very low residual concentrations of siHca ia hot process water softeners. Sodium alumiaate is often used with other chemicals such as alum, ferric salts, clays, and polyelectrolytes, as a coagulant aid (18,19). 

The Rheo-Tex rheometer is an inexpensive, automated instmment using load cell technology to measure indentation and creep. Available software calculates hardness/softness, brittleness, plasticity, and tensile strength. This instmment is particularly valuable for measurements on foods and personal care products. 

Soybeans. Soybeans are not eaten raw because they are too hard and have an unpalatable grassy—beany flavor. Small amounts are roasted and salted for snacks. Nut substitutes for baked products and confections are also manufactured from soybeans. Larger amounts are used in Oriental foods, some of which are increasingly popular in the United States. 

Eggs. Eggs are not used much in breadmaking, except for specialty egg breads. Egg whites are occasionally used on the surface of hard roUs to impart a crispy cmst. Yeast-leavened sweet doughs or danish doughs often contain egg, up to 20%, based on flour, to achieve richness and to influence color and flavor. Some bakery foods, eg, sweet goods, croissants, and puff pastry, are often washed with egg wash (a mixture of egg and water or milk)... 

In 1971, Bausch Lomb received U.S. Food and Dmg Administration approval for a soft contact lens based on the HEMA system and launched Soflens. The soft lens market has grown dramatically soft lens surpassed hard lens wear by the late 1970s, accounting for about 80% of the U.S. contact lens market in the early 1990s. 

Selenium is a vital microelement for people. It has dual properties. Selenium is an essential nutrient at low concentration levels and it becomes toxic at higher concentration levels. Deficiency of selenium results in weakness and hard diseases. Selenium is a building material of many hormones and ferments it neutralizes free radicals, radioactive radicals in organism. The range of selenium safety concentration in food and water is very narrow. The daily normal amount of human consumption of selenium is 10-20 p.g, maximum safe concentration of selenium in water is 5-10 p.g/1. It becomes toxic at 20-30 p.g and bigger content in different objects. 

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