Foliage oil

Chemical Designations - Synonyms Dormant oil Foliage oil Kerosene, heavy Plant spray oil Chemical Formula Not applicable. 

OILS, MISCELLANEOUS SPRAY Dormant oil, Foliage oil, Kerosene, heavy, Plant spray oil Combustible Liquid 0 2 0 ... 

Oils, Miscellaneous Spray Dormant Oil Foliage Oil Kerosene, Heavy Plant Spray Oil ... 

Halverson H N, Swan E P 1982 Market study for British Columbian cedar foliage oil. BC Sci Coun Rep Richmond BC, 40 pp... 

OILS, MISCELLANEOUS spray DomuDt oil, Foliage oil. Kcroicne, heavy. Plaot ipny oil Combuatible Liquid 0 2 ... 

Since hydrogen sulfide exists as a gas at atmospheric pressure, partitioning to the air is likely to occur after environmental releases. However, the compound is also soluble in oil and water, and therefore, may partition to surface waters, groundwaters, or moist soils, and subsequently travel great distances. In addition, sorption of hydrogen sulfide from air onto soils (Cihacek and Bremner 1993) and plant foliage (DeKoketal. 1983, 1988, 1991) may occur. 

Adsorption and persistence in plants can be modified by other chemicals or by selected carriers, although mechanisms to account for these phenomena are unclear. The application mixture influences adsorption and persistence of fenvalerate. For example, interception and persistence in sugarcane were increased when fenvalerate was applied in a 25% water/75% soybean oil mixture vs. water or soybean oil alone (Smith et al. 1989). Also, biocidal properties of fenvalerate residues on cotton foliage were increased up to 100% due to enhanced persistence of fenvalerate in the presence of toxaphene (Brown et al. 1982). 

Clary sage oil is obtained by steam distillation of flowering tops and foliage of cultivated Salvia sclarea L. (Lamiaceae). It is a pale yellow to yellow liquid with a fresh herbaceous odor and a wine-like bouquet. 

Deciduous fruit trees are much less susceptible to oil injury in the dormant stage than when in foliage. In practice today, oils having less than about 92% unsulfonated residue are considered unsafe for general use as verdant or summer oils. Less highly refined oil has been used for dormant applications. Within recent years, however, there has... 

Chapman, Pearce, and Avens (4, 20) investigated the relation between chemical composition and insecticidal efficiency of various dormant and foliage spray oils against several common insect pests of deciduous trees, and found it to be positive. They concluded that an oil which is highly paraffinic in character is the most desirable type. Saturated narrow-cut petroleum fractions were used by Pearce, Chapman, and Frear 21) in a study of the influence of molecular weight and structural constitution on the insecticidal efficiency of such oils to eggs of the oriental fruit moth, Grapholitha molesta (Busck). Correlations between efficiency and various properties were compared on the basis of composition. The value of paraffinicity was illustrated, and the importance of other properties was indicated. 

In the work here reported the relatively low phytotoxic qualities of isoparaffinic fractions were evident from the inception of the screening tests in 1945. In order to evaluate this characteristic more precisely, applications of the fraction previously described were made on the foliage of plants in the greenhouse and in the field, employing the oil at full concentration and at several dilutions in emulsion form. 

Comparisons were made with odorless kerosene and conventional summer tree spray oils. All applications in these studies were made to the point of runoff (200 to 400gallons per acre). As shown in Table II, emulsions of the isoparaffinic oil were safe at concentrations far in excess of the usual 1.5% maximum recommended for foliage sprays. 

Odorless kerosene, representative of the highly refined types employed in household insecticides, resulted in significant injury to bean and apple foliage at 5% concentration. Conventional summer spray oils of higher viscosity than the isoparaffinie oil or kerosene caused significant injury at 3% concentration. 

There is still much to be done in developing equipment and formulations, as well as in studying the best particle size to get the most out of concentrated-oil sprays. An occasional poor application, and especially one that injures foliage, will materially retard the widespread use of concentrated-oil sprays. 

Petroleum Oils. When satisfactorily stable kerosene—soap—water emulsions were produced in 1874, dormant (winter) oil sprays became widely used to control scale insects and mites (1). The first commercial emulsion or miscible oil was marketed in 1904 and by 1930 highly refined neutral or white oils, free from unsaturated hydrocarbons, acids, and highly volatile elements, were found to be safe when applied to plant foliage, thus greatly enlarging the area of usefulness of oil sprays (see Petroleum). 

The viscosity of the spray oil, as measured by the Saybolt test, also determines its safety on plants. Other properties being equal, oils of low viscosity are safer to use on foliage than those of high viscosity. For dormant sprays on deciduous trees, oils with viscosities between 100 and 200 Saybolt universal seconds (SUs) at 37.8°C are considered satisfactory. A lower range is often used in colder and a higher range in warmer areas. 

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