Tin foil

Use and exposure Tin is a soft, pliable, silvery-white metal. Tin is not easily oxidized and resists corrosion because it is protected by an oxide film. Tin resists corrosion from distilled sea and soft tap water and can be attacked by strong acids, alkalis, and acid salts. Tin foil was once a common wrapping material for foods and drugs, now replaced by the use of aluminum foil. Tin is used to coat cans of fruits and vegetables, processed foods, and industrial waste. - ... 

One application of tin that was once important is in the manufacture of tin foil. Tin... 

The name tin comes from the Anglo-Saxon tin, while the symbol comes from the Latin name stannum. Like copper, tin was mined and smelted in antiquity from at least 3500 B.C.E., both for itself and as a component in bronze (80 percent copper/20 percent tin). Elemental tin is uncommon in nature, but the tin ore cassiterite (tin oxide) is found fairly widely. Because one form of tin is very malleable, it has been used for a wide range of domestic products, such as plates and cups, and in more recent times as tin cans and foil. Tin loses it malleability and can actually crumble to powder in temperatures below 13° C, making it a poor choice for many applications. This perishing of tin is called tin disease. Tin has largely been replaced by other materials in domestic applications, but, as an alloy, tin continues to be used in bronze, solder, and pewter and as a glaze for ceramics. 

Kaompferol. 3,5,7-Trihydraxy-2-(4-hydroxyphen-yl)-4H-1 -ben zopyran-4-one 3,4, , 7-tetrahydroxyfla votte swart ziol tri foil tin nimbecetin populnetin robigenin rhamnolutein pelai gidcnolon 1497. t 1SII mol wt... 

This is close, but not equal to the tin-foil Born-corrected energy 1... 

The discrepancy is not large and the last term is zero for a system without net charge. Thus we see that the use of a shifted Coulomb force is equivalent to a tin-foil reaction field and almost equivalent to a tin-foil Born condition. 

The same idea was actually exploited by Neumann in several papers on dielectric properties [52, 69, 70]. Using a tin-foil reaction field the relation between the (frequency-dependent) relative dielectric constant e(tj) and the autocorrelation function of the total dipole moment M t] becomes particularly simple ... 

The 40-45 per cent, hydrazine solution may be concentrated as follows. A mixture of 150 g. (144 ml.) of the solution and 230 ml. of xylene is distilled from a 500 ml. round-bottomed flask through a well-lagged Hempel (or other efficient fractionating) column fitted into a cork covered with tin foil. All the xylene passes over with about 85 ml. of water. Upon distillation of the residue, about 50 g. of 90-95 per cent, hydrazine hydrate (5) are obtained. 

The product is sometimes contaminated with silicic acid from the glass of the condenser this may be removed by filtration. All corlcs should be covered with tin foil to avoid attack by the hydrazine hydrate. 

Silver reduces the oxygen evolution potential at the anode, which reduces the rate of corrosion and decreases lead contamination of the cathode. Lead—antimony—silver alloy anodes are used for the production of thin copper foil for use in electronics. Lead—silver (2 wt %), lead—silver (1 wt %)—tin (1 wt %), and lead—antimony (6 wt %)—silver (1—2 wt %) alloys ate used as anodes in cathodic protection of steel pipes and stmctures in fresh, brackish, or seawater. The lead dioxide layer is not only conductive, but also resists decomposition in chloride environments. Silver-free alloys rapidly become passivated and scale badly in seawater. Silver is also added to the positive grids of lead—acid batteries in small amounts (0.005—0.05 wt %) to reduce the rate of corrosion. 

SemiadditiveMethod. The semiadditive method was developed to reduce copper waste. Thin 5.0 lm (4.5 mg/cm ) copper foil laminates are used, or the whole surface may be plated with a thin layer of electroless copper. Hole forming, catalysis, and electroless copper plating are done as for subtractive circuitry. A strippable reverse—resist coating is then appHed. Copper is electroplated to 35 p.m or more, followed by tin or tin—lead plating to serve as an etch resist. The resist is removed, and the whole board is etched. The original thin copper layer is quickly removed to leave the desired circuit. This method wastes less than 10% of the copper. 

The apparatus illustrated in Fig. 3 is assembled, in a large hood if possible (Note 3). A is a 5- . round-bottom flask heated by a large ring burner and provided with a specially treated four-hole cork stopper covered with tin foil (Note 4). To these holes are fitted the column Z), the tube B reaching to the bottom of A, the specially bent tube C reaching up the inside of D, and the tube K connected with the tubes leading to the 2-I. separatory funnel H, so that the distance between the stopper of A and the stopcock of H is at least 100 cm. The bottom of the column D is of 20 mm. bore while the main portion is 30 mm. The side arm should be at least 85 cm. above the stopper of 4. The tube C... 

Clean corks protected by tin foil should be used. 

Tin finds widespread use beeause of its resistanee to eorrosion, or as foil or to provide proteetive eoats/plates for other metals. Properties of lead whieh make industrial applieation attraetive surround its soft, plastie nature permitting it to be rolled into sheets or extruded through dies. In the finely-divided state lead powder is pyrophorie in bulk form the rapidly-formed proteetive oxide layer inhibits further reaetion. It dissolves slowly in mineral aeids. Industrial uses inelude roofing material, piping, and vessel linings, e.g. for aeid storage. 

Blatt-schichtung, /. lamination, -silber, n. silver leaf, -stahl, m. sheet steel, -zion, n. tin foil. 

Blech, n. plate, sheet, sheet metal, specif, slieet iron foil (weisses) tin plate (schwarzes) black iron plate, -aussetmitt, -ausstoss, m (Metal.) blank, -biichse, /. tin can, tin. -dose, /. tin box tin can, tin. -eisen, n. sheet iron. 

Zinn-asche, /. tin ashes, stannic oxide, -dtzfarbe, /. (Cali o) tin discharge paste, -bad, n. tin bath, -beize, /. tin mordapt, tin spirit, -beizendruck, m. tin ordant printing, -bergwerk, n. tin mine, -blatt, fu tin foil. n. tin. plate, sheet tin. 

Zinn-erschwerung, /. (Textiles) tin weighting, -erz, n. tin ore, cassrterite. -erzseife, /. tin placer deposit, -farbe, /. (t)yeihg) tin-mordant color, -feilicht, n., -feilspdne, m.pl. tin filings, -flammofen, m. reverberatory tin furnace, -folie, /. tin foil. 

Stirrer, mercury seal, 7, 80 Stoppers, asbestos and water glass 5, 9 Stopper protection, tin foil for rubber, 4, 68... 

Procedure B (carbonate-free sodium hydroxide). Dissolve 50 g of sodium hydroxide in 50 mL of distilled water in a Pyrex flask, transfer to a 75 mL test-tube of Pyrex glass, and insert a well-fitting stopper covered with tin foil. Allow it to stand in a vertical position until the supernatant liquid is clear. For a 0.1 M sodium hydroxide solution carefully withdraw, using a pipette fitted with a filling device, 6.5 mL of the concentrated clear solution into a 1 L bottle or flask, and dilute quickly with 1 L of recently boiled-out water. 

The 42 per cent hydrazine hydrate solution supplied by the Eastman Kodak Company is too dilute for use as such, but may be concentrated by distillation with xylene.1 A mixture of r44 cc. (150 g.) of the 42 per cent solution and 230 cc. of xylene is distilled from a 500-cc. flask through a 17-cm. Hempel column fitted into a cork covered with tin foil. After distillation of the xylene, with about 85 cc. of water, the residue yields on distillation 45-50 g. of 80-85 per cent hydrazine hydrate. This material, assayed best by titration with standard acid using methyl orange as indicator, may be used as such or concentrated further (see Note 6). 

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