Fluorescent dyes, manufacture

Uses Manufacture of dye intermediates, fluorescent dyes, pharmaceuticals, photographic chemicals, insecticides, fungicides, plastics, and 1,8-naphthalic acid chemical research. Derived from coal tar and petroleum refining. 

Apart from its use in the synthesis of dyes, m-aminophenol (19) is used in the manufacture of agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals and specialty polymers. A,iV-dimethyl-w -aminophenol (20) is used in the manufacture of fluorescent dyes and pharmaceuticals. 

Another kind of WORM material contains 43e2 as TP absorbing fluorescent dye embedded in a polymer such as polystyrene or a copolymer manufactured of diethyl vinylbenzylphosphonate and methylmethacrylate in a 1 3 molar ratio [118]. The dye possesses functional groups with different basicity that are pro-... 

DNA concentration is quantified by using both the absorbance at 260 nm and a DNA specific fluorescence dye, PicoGreen (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR) according to the manufacturer s instructions. 

Identiflcation of polymers may be important for the manufacturer to establish the identity and the source and to differentiate own products from those of other suppliers (e.g., in the case of identifying the cause of damage) or to separate different polymers for recycling reasons. Target is the use of very small quantities of additives as markers or tracers. Proposed additives of choice may be fluorescent dyes [70], hapten compounds [71], or rare-earth metals [72] in the ppm range. 

The brush-gel polymer film is a submicrometer particulate layer with cross-linked polymer brushes. Nonporous particles with diameter of 350 nm, 700 nm, or 900 nm, modified with polyacrylamide, were applied on a silicon wafer as slurry to obtain a 15-pm thin layer. Coating with polyacrylamide brushes increased the capillary force for increased mobile-phase velocity and the overall separation performance. Three fluorescence-labeled proteins were separated with a sinapinic acid containing mobile phase for subsequent detection via MALDl [35], A second modification of this brush-gel polymer was manufactured by cross-linking poly(glycidyl methacrylate) and di(ethylene glycole)dimethacrylate to graft the thin layer covalently on the glass substrate and to manipulate the separation characteristic. The separation of a fluorescent dye mixture was performed on this layer and the ability for a multiple reuse was shown [36]. 

Cells separated by filtration from large aliquots of water can be visualized and counted on a 0.25 xm filter using the epifluorescent technique and a stain such as acridine orange. Stains such as fluorescein diacetate, 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyltetrazolium chloride or p-iodonitrotetrazolium violet indicate active metabolism by the formation of fluorescent products [9]. Antibody fluorescence microscopy is similar to general fluorescent microscopy, except that the fluorescent dye used is bound to antibodies specific to SRBs. Only bacteria recognized by the antibodies fluoresce. Results can be analyzed within two hours. The technique detects viable and nonviable bacteria but it is limited to the type of SRB used in the manufacture of these antibodies [19]. 

Lee, J. II Son, O. J. Method for manufacturing sensor film fixed with fluorescent dye and used for detecting carbon dioxide. Repub. Korean Kongkae Taeho Kongbo KR 2010069413, 2010. 

Dye Intermedia.tes, Dye intermediates are defined as those precursors to colorants that are manufactured within the dyes industry, and they are neady always colodess. Colored precursors are conveniendy termed color bases. As distinct from primaries they are only rarely manufactured in single-product units because of the comparatively low tonnages requited. Fluorescent brightening agents (FBAs) are neither intermediates nor tme colorants. Basic manufacturing processes for FBAs are described in Reference 18 (see Fluorescent whitening agents). 

CE is also potentially a useful alternative analytical tool for monitoring of chemicals (dyes, flame retardants and lubricants) involved in various steps of the textile fibre manufacturing process. In this area, CE compares favourably with existing techniques. CZE-MSn was used for the analysis of sulfonated azo dyes [942]. A variety of fluorescent analytes including thiazole orange dyes have been characterised by CE-FLNS [943]. 

In addition to the wide range of commercial probes, many other fluorescent molecules have been synthesized and described in the literature. Only a handful, however, are generally used to label antibody molecules. Perhaps the most common fluorescent tags with application to immunoglobulin assays are reflected in the main derivatives produced by the prominent antibody manufacturing companies. These include derivatives of cyanine dyes, fluorescein, rhod-amine, Texas red, aminomethylcoumarin (AMCA), and phycoerythrin. Figure 20.16 shows the reaction of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), one of the most common fluorescent probes, with an antibody molecule. 

The highly reactive compound disodium 4,4,-bis(dichlorotriazinylamino) stilbene-2,2 -disulphonate (7.126 known as DAST or T-DAS), an important intermediate in the manufacture of stilbene-type fluorescent brightening agents (section 11.6.1), has been evaluated recently as a crosslinking agent for the fixation of dyes with nucleophilic groups. Compound 7.126 was applied to cotton simultaneously with the hydrolysed form of Cl... 

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