Fluorescence analytical applications

Over the last seventeen year s the Analytical center at our Institute amassed the actual material on the application of XRF method to the quantitative determination of some major (Mg, Al, P, S, Cl, K, Ti, Mn, Fe) and trace (V, Cr, Co, Ni, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ba, La, Ce, Pb, Th, U) element contents [1, 2]. This paper presents the specific features of developed techniques for the determination of 25 element contents in different types of rocks using new Biaiker Pioneer automated spectrometer connected to Intel Pentium IV. The special features of X-ray fluorescence analysis application to the determination of analyzed elements in various types of rocks are presented. The softwai e of this new X-ray spectrometer allows to choose optimal calibration equations and the coefficients for accounting for line overlaps by Equant program and to make a mathematic processing of the calibration ai ray of CRMs measured by the Loader program. 

The active state of luminescence spectrometry today may be judged ly an examination of the 1988 issue of Fundamental Reviews of Analytical Chemistry (78), which divides its report titled Molecular Fluorescence, Phosphorescence, and Chemiluminescence Spectrometry into about 27 specialized topical areas, depending on how you choose to count all the subdivisions. This profusion of luminescence topics in Fundamental Reviews is just the tip of the iceberg, because it omits all publications not primarily concerned with analytical applications. Fundamental Reviews does, however, represent a good cross-section of the available techniques because nearly every method for using luminescence in scientific studies eventually finds a use in some form of chemical analysis. Since it would be impossible to mention here all of the current important applications and developments in the entire universe of luminescence, this report continues with a look at progress in a few current areas that seem significant to the author for their potential impact on future work. 

Wu M, Wu W, Lian X et al (2008) Synthesis of a novel fluorescent probe and investigation on its interaction with nucleic acid and analytical application. Spectrochim Acta A 71 1333-1340... 

Molecular Fluorescence Spectroscopy Photometric Titrations Analytical Applications of Interferometry Vol. 9 Ultraviolet Photoelectron and Photoion Spectroscopy... 

For analytical applications, when a linear relationship between fluorescence intensity and concentration is desirable, a correction curve must be built up under the same conditions as those that will be used for the actual experiment. 

Oxine (5) fonns complexes of analytical applicability with various metal ions. A RP-HPLC-FLD method (Xex = 370 nm, Xg = 516 nm) was proposed for simultaneous determination of Al(III) and Mg(II), using a Cjg column. Various details of the method are noteworthy Optimization of the method showed that for both ions it is best to have also precolumn and in-column complex formation, caused by the presence of 5 in the injection loop and in the carrier solution FLD detection is preferable to simple UVD because it avoids the background of 5 and interference of various ions forming nonfluorescent chromogenic complexes, e.g. Ca(II) and Zn(II) the intensity of the fluorescence can be increased by micelle formation on addition of SDS and neutralized Af,Af-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid (6). The LOD (SNR = 3) were 0.74 (xM (18 ppb) Mg(n) and 0.60 (xM (16 ppb) Al(III) the latter was attributed in part to residual impurities in the purified water -... 

With the development of the photomultiplier tube the measurement of very low light intensities has become relatively simple and the photoelectric recording of fluorescence emission spectra can now compete in terms of sensitivity with the less convenient photographic method. During the last decade the development of the experimental technique has gained considerable impetus as a result of the requirements of analytical chemists for methods of extreme sensitivity. A variety of spectro-fluorimeters have been described in the literature and commercial instruments of high sensitivity are also available. Recent reviews1-2 deal with the principles and analytical applications of fluorescence spectrometry and a textbook of biochemical applications has been published.2... 

The fluorescence of organic molecules and ions in solution is a photoluminescent process that decreases extremely rapidly when the excitation ceases, in contrast to phosphorescence, which latter has a much slower decrease and is seldom used for analysis. Finally, chemiluminescence, the emission of light during a chemical reaction, is involved in some analytical applications. 

C. Zander, J. Enderlein, and R. Keller, eds., Single Molecule Detection in Solution (New York Wiley, 2002) R. A. Keller, W. P. Ambrose, A. A. Arias, H. Cai, S. R. Emory, P. M. Goodwin, and J. H. Jett, Analytical Applications of Single-Molecule Detection, Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 317A J. Zimmermann, A. van Dorp, and A. Renn, Fluorescence Microscopy of Single Molecules, ... 

Analytical applications of the malonaldehyde and Maillard fluorescent product formation to assessment of abuse status of oxidizing oils, relative effectiveness of antioxidants, and sugar-amine browning potential are available. 

Lee KH et al (2003) Quantification of tamoxifen and three metabolites in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection application to a clinical trial. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 791 245-253... 

In any case, the ability to tune their luminescence characteristics by particle size control, combined with relatively high quantum yields, narrow fluorescence emission, very broad absorption spectra and photostability provide new solutions to many of the problems associated with traditional luminescence sensors and hold a strong promise for a completely new set of analytical applications with QDs.18... 

Raman spectroscopy failed to live up to its original expectation when the technique was discovered. This was due to instrumental problems, high cost of the instrument, and the fluorescence problem. However, with improvement in instrumentation, the use of a near infrared laser with FT-Raman, the introduction of fiber optics, the number of applications (some of which were discussed in Chapter 3) has escalated. The applications are expanded in this chapter, which deals with materials applications involving structural chemistry, solid state, and surfaces. Additional applications are presented in Chapter 5 (analytical applications), Chapter 6 (biochemical and medical applications) and Chapter 7 (industrial applications). 

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