FLUO

Chemical/Dye Class Xanthene Molecular Formula C36H30CI2N2O13 Molecular Weight 769.53 Physical Form Dark reddish-brown powder Solubility Soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide Melting Point 250°C 

Toutchkine, A. Muthyala, R. Kraynov, V. Bark, S. J. Burton, D. R. Chamberlain, C. Labeled peptides, proteins and antibodies and processes and intermediates useful for their preparation. U.S. Pat Appl. Publ. US 2002055133, 2002 Chem. Abstr. 2002,136, 366139. 

Preparation and properties of calcium-specific, long-wavelength indicator dyes. Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 314480, 1989 Chem. Abstr. 1990,112, 135620. 

Fluorescent indicators for cjitosofic calcium based on rhodamine and fluorescein chromophores. J. Biol. Chem. 1989, 264, 8171-8178. 

Parkesh, R. Mohsin, S. Lee, T. C. Gunnlaugsson, T. Histological, spectroscopic, and surface analysis of microdamage in bone toward real-time analysis using fluorescent sensors. Chem. Mater. 2007, 19, 1656-1663. 

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Fig. X-7. Advancing and receding contact angles of octane on mica coated with a fluo-ropolymer FC 722 (3M) versus the duration of the solid-liquid contact. The solid lines represent the initial advancing and infinite time advancing and receding contact lines and the dashed lines are 95% confidence limits. (From Ref. 75.)...

My teaching experience was, however, only secondary to my research interest. Through my initial research work involving reactions of fluorinated carbohydrates I became interested in Friedel-Crafts acylation and subsequently alkylation reactions with acyl or alkyl fluo-... 

Both polar compounds ethanol and fluoroethane have higher boiling points than the nonpolar propane We attribute this to a combination of dipole/mduced dipole and dipole-dipole attractive forces that are present m the liquid states of ethanol and fluo roethane but absent m propane... 

The reactivity of the halogens decreases m the order F2 > CI2 > Br2 > I2 Fluo rme is an extremely aggressive oxidizing agent and its reaction with alkanes is strongly exothermic and difficult to control Direct fluonnation of alkanes requires special equip ment and techniques is not a reaction of general applicability and will not be discussed further... 

C. G. Huang, in Abstracts of the 203rdlSlational Meeting of the American Chemical Society, abstract FLUO-O18, San Francisco, Apr. 5—10,1992. 

Miscellaneous Kilns. A U.S. kiln, the Fluo-Sohds, appears to be another vertical kiln type, but this is its only similarity. It operates on a different principle. It utilizes as kiln feed only a discrete granulation of 0.225—2.4 mm (65—8 mesh) sizes. DeHcately controlled by air and exhaust gas pressure, the kiln feed of granules is fluidized as a dense suspension. Because it is instmmented, this kiln can produce a very reactive lime at better than average thermal efficiency. The kiln, however, has limited utifity because the cost of obtaining the kiln feed with many hard, compact limestones is prohibitive. 

Rotary kilns and, to a lesser extent, Fluo-SoHds kilns are used to calcine a wet precipitated calcium carbonate filter cake in the kraft or sulfate paper-pulp process (15). Lime is regenerated for use as a causticization reagent in recovering caustic soda for pulp digestion. Losses in lime recovery are replaced by purchased lime (see Paper Pulp). 

C5H5N CPh3BF4, CH3CN, Pyr, 60-70°, 75-90% yield. Triphenylmethyl ethers can be prepared more readily with triphenylmethylpyridinium fluo-roborate than with triphenylmethyl chloride-pyridine. 

Diselenides can also be oxidatively fluorinated, as shown in equation 18 [118, 119], Benzene selenyl fluoride is postulated as an intermediate during the fluo-roselenation of alkenes with diphenyl diselenide and xenon difluotide [73, 120]... 

Nitrosyl fluoride reacts with steroidal olefins to give, ultimately, a-fluo-roketones [131], with steroidal vinyl lluorides, the reaction provides a,a di fluoroketones from intermediate nitroimines [197] (equation 34)... 

At 320 °C, cesium tetrafluorocobaltate converts benzotrifluoride to /n-fluo-robenzotrifluoride, 2f/-heptafluorotoluene, octafluorotoluene, pertluoro-l -meth-ylcyclohexene, and perfluoromethylcyclohexane [29] l,3-Bis(trifluoromethyl)-benzene is convened at 420 °C to 4,5,6-trifluoro-l,3-bis(trifluoroethyl)bcnzene, perfluoro-l,3-dimethylbenzene, and perfluoro-l,3-dimethylcyclohexane [29], p-Xylene gives at 350 °C l,4-bis(difluoromethyl)tetrafluorobenzene, 1-di-fluoromethyl-3-trifluoromethyltetrafluorobenzene, perfluoro-1,3-dimethyl-benzene, and perfluoro-1,3-dimethyloyclohexane... 

Fluororesorcinol can be prepared from derivatives of resorcinol and fluo-roxytrifluoromethane [15, 24] (equation 4) or by fluorination of resorcinol with cesium fluoroxysulfate [25] (equation 5). Reaction of acetyl hypofluorite with M-acetyl-O-methyltyrosine methyl ester provides a good route to 3-fluorotyrosine derivatives [26] (equation 6). 

Trimelhylsilyl enol ethers are effective substrates in fluorination with fluo-roxytrifluoromethanefor the preparation of a-fluoro esters, amides and aldehydes [J7] (equations 13-15)... 

Various sources of fluoride ion have been investigated, of which highly nucleophilic tetraalkylammonium fluorides ate the most effective Thuf, fluoro alkyl halides and N (fluoroalkyl)amines are efficiently synthesized by treatment of the corresponding trifluoromethanesulfonic esters with tetrabutylammonium fluoride trihydrate in aprotic solvents [5fl] (equation 34) The displacement reactions proceed quantitatively at room temperature within seconds, but tail with hydrogen fluoride-pyridine and give reasonable yields only with hydrogen fluo ride-alkylamine reagents... 

Trimethylacetaldehyde reacts with sulfur tetrafluoride with a skeletal rearrangement 2,3-difluoro-2-methylbutane is formed in high yield as the only fluo-roalkane along with bis(l-fluoro-2,2-dimethylpropyl) ether [169] (equation 85)... 

This technique has been applied to the synthesis of fluormated dopamine and other compounds of biological significance Fluoroheterocycles such as fluoro-imidazoles [JJ, 36] and fluoropyrazoles [37] can also be prepared by the photo Balz-Schiemann technique (equation 9) Photochemically induced in situ fluoro dediazoniation can also be applied to arenediazonium fluorides in hydrogen fluo nde-pyndine media Thus, o-fluoroanisole is obtained in 73% yield at 20 °C after I8h [dS]... 

Aliphatic fluorodenitration has also been applied to mononitro compounds, specifically to an a-nitroepoxide Thus, l,2-anhydro-3 4 5,6-di-O isopropyli dene-1-C-nitro D mannitol and labeled potassium bifluonde give 2-deoxy-2-fluo-ro-3,4 5,6-di-O-isopropylidene aldehydo D glucose [J03, 104] (equation 30)... 

Aromatic fluorodenitration was first discovered in the reaction of polychloro-nitrobenzenes with potassium fluoride, when 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorofluorobenzene was prepared in 37% yield from 2,3,5,6-tetrachloronitrobenzene 105] The technique has been adapted to prepare aryl fluorides from other activated nitro aromatics for applications in pharmaceutical and polymer chemistry (equation 31) Fluorodenitration also has been applied to prepare radiolabeled ( F) fluo-roaromatics [74, 106]... 

The reaction of tnchlorotrifluoroethane with lead in the presence of carbonyl substrates gives the 1 -chloro-2,2-difluoroethenyl carbinols, presumably via a fluo-rinated organolead intermediate [25] (equaUon 18)... 

The importance of solvent effects in the preparation of perfluoroalkyzinc reagents is further illustrated in the reaction of perfluoroalkyl iodides with zinc-copper couple. In DMSO, DMF, and HMPA, the main products are the fluo-roolefins The formation of the fluoroolefin is facilitated when the reaction is carried out in the presence of potassium thiocyanate [30] (equation 21)... 

Hartgraves, G A, Burton, D J 3rd Chemical Congress of North America Toronto, Canada, June 1988, Abstract FLUO 30 Nguyen, T, Rubinstein, M, Wakselman,C 7 Org Chem 1981,46 1938 Hudlicky, M J Fluorine Chem 1981,18 383 Coe, P L, Milner, N E 7 Fluorine Chem 1972/73, 2, 167 Fuchikami, T, Ojima, 1 7 Fluorine Chem 1983,22, 541 Chen, Q, Chen, Y, Huang, W Huaxue Xuebao 1984, 42 906, Chem Abstr 1985,102, 5317t... 

In some cases, however, especially with shorter perfluoroalkanesulfonyl fluo rides, sulfur dioxide may be removed by antimony pentafluoride at temperatures between 20 and 90 °C depending on the substituents [99] (equation 66)... 

Tapscott, R E, Floden, J R Presented at the 200th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society Washington, DC, 1990, FLUO 29... 

Perbromyl fluoride, FBr03, is made by fluo-rinating the corresponding peibromate ion with AsFj, SbFj, BrFj or [BrF6]" [AsF6] in HF solutions. The reactions are smooth and quantitative at room temperature ... 

Fluor-, of or combined with fluorine, fluoro-, fluo-, fluoride of (see instances following),. ammonium, n. ammonium fluoride, -an-thenchinon, n. fluoranthenequinone. -anti-mon, n. antimony fluoride, -arson, n. arsenic fluoride, -baryum, n. barium fluoride, -benzol, n. fluorobensene, fluobenaene. -bor, n. boron fluoride. -borsMure, /. fluo-boric acid. -brom, n. bromine fluoride, -chrom, n. chromium fluoride, -eisen, n. iron fluoride. 

Fluor-jod, n. iodine fluoride, -kalium, n. potassium fluoride, -kalzium, n. calcium fluoride, -kiesel, m. silicon fluoride, -kie-selsaure,/. fluosilicic acid, -kohlenstoff, m. carbon fluoride, -lithium, n. lithium fluoride. -metall, n. metallic fluoride, -natrium, n. sodium fluoride, -phosphat, n. fluophosphate. -phosphor, m. phosphorus fluoride, -salz, n. fluoride, -schwefel, m. sulfur fluoride, -selen, n. selenium fluoride, -silber, n. silver fluoride, -silikat, n. fluo-silicate. -silizium, n. silicon fluoride, -sili-ziumverbindung, /. fluosilicate. -tantal-sMure, /. fluotantalic acid, -tellur, n. tellurium fluoride, -titan, n. titanium fluoride, -toluol, n. fluorotoluene, fluotoluene. 

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