Fluid catalytic cracking preparation

Volume 149 Fluid Catalytic Cracking VI Preparation and Characterization of Catalysts... 

In response to recent federal and local environmental concerns (e.g., industrial emission controls and lead phase-out) and to the growing interest of refiners in cracking residual fuels, researchers have generated new families of cracking catalysts. There is now a need to review the merits of these newly developed materials. This volume contains contributions from researchers involved in the preparation and characterization of cracking catalysts. Other important aspects of fluid catalytic cracking, such as feedstocks and process hardware effects in refining, have been intentionally omitted because of time limitations and should be treated separately in future volumes. 

Indicated in Fig. 2 is a representative fluid catalytic cracking unit, comprising ( )a reactor (2) a regenerator (3) the main fractionator (4) an air blower or compressor (3) a spent-catalyst stripper (6) catalyst recovery equipment, including cyclones internal in the reactor and regenerator and slurry settler, and possibly an electrostatic precipitator and (7) a gas-recovery unit. The catalyst used is essentially u specially prepared composite of silica and alumina. 

Combined with hydrodesulfurization, the process is fully applicable to the feed preparation for fluid catalytic cracking and hydrocracking. The process is capable of using a variety of feedstocks including atmospheric and vacuum residues derived from various crude oils, oil sand, visbroken tar and so on. 

Preparation and Characterization of Magnesium Aluminate Spinel for SOx Abatement in Fluid Catalytic Cracking... 

ML Occelli, H Eckert, M Kalwei, A Wolker, A Auroux. The effects of steam-aging temperature on the properties of an HY zeolite of the type used in FCC preparations, in "Fluid Catalytic Cracking V Technology for Next Century", M L Occelli, P. Oi Connor Eds. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2001. 

Jersey Standard had many officials, from the president down, serving on various committees devoted to preparation for war in advance of the U.S. entry into WWII. In the case of fluid catalytic cracking, Jersey Standard was driven not by perceived war demand but by the need to find a way to produce gasoline for autos that could compete with the fuel produced by Houdry catalytic cracking units. However, without the wartime conditions, it is likely that Jersey Standard would have taken longer than three years to go from research to an operating commercial unit. The first commercial fluid units were tremendously expensive because of their overpowering size and complexity (55). 

Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement Research Program. Technical Bulletins No.l to No.5 prepared by/for Marathon, Mobil, Chevron, Ford, Conoco, GM, Amoco, Unio, Chrysler, Shell, BP, Phillips, Arco, Exxon, Ashland, Texaco and Sunoco. December (1990) to June (1991). Avidan, A.A., M. Edwards and H. Owen, Fluid Catalytic Cracking - Past And Future... 

J. Shen, A. Auroux, The determination of acidity in fluid cracking catalysts (FCCs) from adsorption microcalorimetry of probe molecules, in Proceedings of International Symposium on Fluid Catalytic Cracking VI, Preparation and Characterization of Catalysts, New York, 7-11 September 2003, eds. by M. Occelli, p. 35. Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, vol. 

G. M. Woltermann, J. S. Magee, and S. D. Griffiths, Commercial preparation and characterization of FCC catalysts, in Fluid Catalytic Cracking Science and Technology, Studies in Surface Science and Catalysts, Ed. by J. S. Magee andM. M. Mitchell, Elsevier, 1993, p. 118. 

Anyone who is seriously involved in catalytic cracking, whether as an operator, a catalyst manufacturer, or a researcher, soon learns how severely sodium, vanadium, nickel, iron, and copper act as poisons. In the past, FCC feedstock preparation via vacuum distillation was to a considerable extent, determined by metal carryover. Generally, metal carryover to the fluid unit was limited to 0.1 ppm or less of each of these metals. 

Economic efficiency of waste plastics processing depends on the methods of their selection and preparation for processing as well as the cost of thermal or catalytic treatment, i.e. the cost of investment and exploitation of the cracking plant. For instance the main characteristic of fluid-bed reactors is the possibility of exploitation of large-scale units (at least 50000 tons or more per year), low cost of exploitation, but accompanied by large investment and feed delivery costs. And on the other hand, smaller reactors can be built on a smaller scale, a few thousand tons per year output, lower investment costs and lower feed deliveries (processing of local wastes in limited area), but operated with larger exploitation costs. 

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