Flowers, cost

Up to 40 kW per single tube in a 20-ft-long (6-m) imit and more surface per tube often results in smaller shell diameter flower cost)... 

The most important considerations in marketing and estabUshing a crop from a new source are constancy of supply and quahty. Eor some spices, it is difficult to reduce labor costs, as some crops demand individual manual treatment even if grown on dedicated plantations. Only the individual stigmas of the saffron flower must be picked cinnamon bark must be cut, peeled, and roUed in strips mature unopened clove buds must be picked by hand and orchid blossoms must be hand pollinated to produce the vanilla bean. 

L v ndin. Lavandin, Lavandula hjbrida as a plant species is of recent origin, unknown until the late 1920s. It is a hybrid of two common lavenders, l vandula officinalis and l vandula latifolia. Lavandin is cultivated mainly ia southern France and has become one of the most produced and used natural perfumery materials. The flowering tops of the shmb are used to produce a concrete, an absolute, and a steam-distilled oil the last is by far the most used. Low cost and refreshing odor quaUty allow lavandin to be employed ia a wide variety of perfume appHcations and at high concentrations. Chemically it is comprised of 30—32% linalool (3) and linalyl acetate (1), along with numerous other substances, mosdy terpenic. 

Ionones and Methyl Ionones Manufacture. The discovery of ionones and methyhonones was an early example of the need to develop synthetic fragrance materials because of the high cost of natural materials. The aroma of violet flowers was important to perfumery and led to the development of ionones and methyhonones at the end of the nineteenth century. 

Fatty Acid Esters of Methyl Alcohol.—The following esters of methyl alcohol are commercial products, and all have fruity odours, and are very suitable for blending with flower oils to impart distinctive secondary odours to them. They are, generally speaking, very expensive, some of them costing as much as 12 per lb., but, as only minute quantities... 

Flowers, C.R. and D.L. Veenstra, "Will Pharmacogenomics in Oncology Be Cost-Effective " Oncol. Econ., 1 (11), 26-33 (2000). 

Bountiful harvest Most plants have evolved to produce an abundance of seed as a survival mechanism. Leaving a few plants to flower and set seed will give you many more seeds than you could ever get in a seed packet, for virtually no cost. Surplus seed need never go to waste. Join a iocai gardening club and swap seed with other members—or grow piants for friends, for schools, for community gardens, or to raise funds for iocai good causes. 

Oxidants reduce yields of many plants, especially sensitive cultivars. Chronic exposures to concentrations between 0.05 and 0.15 ppm will reduce soybean, com, and radish yields. The threshold appears to be between 0.05 and 0.1 ppm for some sensitive cultivars—well within values monitored in the eastern United States. Growth or flowering effects on carnation, geranium, radish, and pinto bean have been found at chronic exposures to ozone at 0.05-0.15 ppm. Estimated costs to consumers of agricultural losses from oxidant damage are several hundred million dollars a year. 

Pyrethrins and pyrethroids are probably the best known and safest classes of natural or synthetic insecticides, widely used in domestic and agricultural applications (1-7). Pyrethrins are natural insecticides derived from the Chrysanthemum cineraria flowers the plant extract, called pyrethrum, is a mixture of six isomers (pyrethrin I and II, cinerin I and II, jasmolin I and II) which was first used in China in the century AD, during the Chou Dinasty. The world pyrethrum market is worth half a billion US dollars [main producers are East Africa highlands (Kenia, Tanzania and Rwanda) and Australia] however, its availability is subject to cyclical trends, due to rains and relations with farmers, who face high harvest costs also due to the fact that the flowers have to be... 

Florists make up bouquets by mixing complementary colors and types of flowers and greenery. The cost of the bouquet depends on the different types of flowers and materials used. 

The Problem A bouquet is to contain 24 flowers, made up of roses, carnations, and daisies. The person buying the bouquet wants twice as many carnations as roses and doesn t want to spend more than 8.20. If roses cost 50[Pg.240]

Fragrance (as well as colorful visual display) would be superfluous in autogamous and wind-pollinated flowers, and, because of its metabolic costs, should be lost entirely. 

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